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Summary: In 1518 Luther was summoned to Rome. He appealed to Frederick, Elector of Saxony who was attending the imperial Diet in Augsburg. Frederick negotiated with the Papal Legate Cajetan who finally agreed to a hearing in Augsburg. Luther went there with an imperial escort and then returned safely to Wittenberg. This is Luther's report of what took place in Augsburg. It is the fifth printing of the "Acta Augustana."

Summary: In 1518 Luther was summoned to Rome. He appealed to Frederick, Elector of Saxony who was attending the imperial Diet in Augsburg. Frederick negotiated with the Papal Legate Cajetan who finally agreed to a hearing in Augsburg. Luther went there with an imperial escort and then returned safely to Wittenberg. This is Luther's report of what took place in Augsburg. It is the fifth printing of the "Acta Augustana."

Summary: German translation by Ludwig Hätzer of Epistola contra Judaeorum, thought to be written in Arabic by Samuel of Marocco, an apostate Jew at the beginning of the 11th century and translated into Latin by the Spanish Dominican Alphonsus Bonihominis in the 14th century and widely disseminated. Bonihominis is likely the real author of the work.

Summary: German translation by Ludwig Hätzer of Epistola contra Judaeorum, thought to be written in Arabic by Samuel of Marocco, an apostate Jew at the beginning of the 11th century and translated into Latin by the Spanish Dominican Alphonsus Bonihominis in the 14th century and widely disseminated. Bonihominis is likely the real author of the work.

Summary: Polemical dialogue between a peasant and a monk, who had lost his livelihood after the dissolution of his monastery. The peasant advises the monk to try his hand at "real work".

Summary: Polemical dialogue between a peasant and a monk, who had lost his livelihood after the dissolution of his monastery. The peasant advises the monk to try his hand at "real work".

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

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Summary: Fourth edition of the "Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation," one of Luther's most important pamphlets, in which he develops some of the central ideas of his theology, including the principle of universal priesthood. He also discusses the possibility of a German national church.

Summary: Fourth edition of the "Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation," one of Luther's most important pamphlets, in which he develops some of the central ideas of his theology, including the principle of universal priesthood. He also discusses the possibility of a German national church.

Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: In response to an ultimatum to the Lutheran princes and cities from Emperor Charles V to return to the pre-Reformation status quo within six months, Luther here issues some of his strongest polemic.

Summary: In response to an ultimatum to the Lutheran princes and cities from Emperor Charles V to return to the pre-Reformation status quo within six months, Luther here issues some of his strongest polemic.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: Second printing of the first edition of a tract listing 91 errors in three sermons by Martin Luther.

Summary: Second printing of the first edition of a tract listing 91 errors in three sermons by Martin Luther.

Summary: This is the second and much expanded edition of Luther's reply to Henry VIII's Assertion of the Seven Sacraments. Luther replies quite moderately (for him) to what he feels to be the King's unwarranted assertions on the Catholic Sacraments. This is the second printing of this edition.

Summary: This is the second and much expanded edition of Luther's reply to Henry VIII's Assertion of the Seven Sacraments. Luther replies quite moderately (for him) to what he feels to be the King's unwarranted assertions on the Catholic Sacraments. This is the second printing of this edition.

Summary: German translation by Wenzeslaus Linck of Epistola contra Judaeorum, thought to be written in Arabic by Samuel of Marocco, an apostate Jew at the beginning of the 11th century and translated into Latin by the Spanish Dominican Alphonsus Bonihominis in the 14th century and widely disseminated. Bonihominis is likely the real author of the work.

Summary: German translation by Wenzeslaus Linck of Epistola contra Judaeorum, thought to be written in Arabic by Samuel of Marocco, an apostate Jew at the beginning of the 11th century and translated into Latin by the Spanish Dominican Alphonsus Bonihominis in the 14th century and widely disseminated. Bonihominis is likely the real author of the work.

Summary: One of the problems that led to the Reformation was the sad state of ecclesiastical finance that forced many priests to change fees for the sacraments and other services. Von Gunzburg subjects such practices to sharp sanitization in the form of "praise of priests."

Summary: One of the problems that led to the Reformation was the sad state of ecclesiastical finance that forced many priests to change fees for the sacraments and other services. Von Gunzburg subjects such practices to sharp sanitization in the form of "praise of priests."

Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: First published in Latin in 1523, Luther defines in this tract the order of the Sunday worship service and the distribution of communion. This pamphlet is an important forerunner of Luther's "Deutsche Messe" (German Mass) published in 1526.

Summary: First published in Latin in 1523, Luther defines in this tract the order of the Sunday worship service and the distribution of communion. This pamphlet is an important forerunner of Luther's "Deutsche Messe" (German Mass) published in 1526.

Summary: Luther's "Theses on Monasticisms" came about as a partial response to Melanchthon's essay in Loci Communes. Melanchthon revised this section of the Loci to take Luther's criticism into account. Luther's work was translated into German by at least three translators none of whom can be named with certainty.

Summary: Luther's "Theses on Monasticisms" came about as a partial response to Melanchthon's essay in Loci Communes. Melanchthon revised this section of the Loci to take Luther's criticism into account. Luther's work was translated into German by at least three translators none of whom can be named with certainty.

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Summary: An early sermon by Luther on Indulgences and Grace. First appearing in 1518, this work went through fully fourteen printings in that year alone.

Summary: An early sermon by Luther on Indulgences and Grace. First appearing in 1518, this work went through fully fourteen printings in that year alone.

Summary: A decree against the Anabaptists by the Lutheran prince, Georg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, to be read from the pulpits of his territory.

Summary: A decree against the Anabaptists by the Lutheran prince, Georg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, to be read from the pulpits of his territory.

Summary: Anti-Reformation poem directed at the city of Konstanz. Tregor, an Augustinian Prior, was a leading defender of Catholicism in Switzerland.

Summary: Anti-Reformation poem directed at the city of Konstanz. Tregor, an Augustinian Prior, was a leading defender of Catholicism in Switzerland.

Summary: An anonymous pamphlet, containing an oath German pastors had to swear to renounce the "Evangelical doctrine, which is called Lutheran" in order to be readmitted to the Roman Catholic Church. The copy of the oath is preceded by two satirical poems regarding the oath, the first one representing the opinion of a wise man, the second one the answer of an unwise man. On the titlepage are two verses from Matthew 10 against the taking of oaths. The work is published by Christian Rödinger, a printer who put his press in service of the Reformation.

Summary: An anonymous pamphlet, containing an oath German pastors had to swear to renounce the "Evangelical doctrine, which is called Lutheran" in order to be readmitted to the Roman Catholic Church. The copy of the oath is preceded by two satirical poems regarding the oath, the first one representing the opinion of a wise man, the second one the answer of an unwise man. On the titlepage are two verses from Matthew 10 against the taking of oaths. The work is published by Christian Rödinger, a printer who put his press in service of the Reformation.

Summary: In 1521, Melanchthon wrote the first Protestant dogmatics, the "Loci Communes." Eck countered in 1525 with his "handbook on Theological Topics". Possibly the most widely reprinted Catholic critique of Lutheran doctrine (Metzler lists 91 contemporary editions). Eck uses the same topical procedure and cites the Bible, Church Fathers, Councils, and Popes heavily in the presentation of his arguments.

Summary: In 1521, Melanchthon wrote the first Protestant dogmatics, the "Loci Communes." Eck countered in 1525 with his "handbook on Theological Topics". Possibly the most widely reprinted Catholic critique of Lutheran doctrine (Metzler lists 91 contemporary editions). Eck uses the same topical procedure and cites the Bible, Church Fathers, Councils, and Popes heavily in the presentation of his arguments.

Summary: This pamphlet contains two letters on Lutheranism by converts to Catholicism. Witzel's publication of Haner's letter led to the latter's expulsion from the city of Nuremberg.

Summary: This pamphlet contains two letters on Lutheranism by converts to Catholicism. Witzel's publication of Haner's letter led to the latter's expulsion from the city of Nuremberg.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: Refutation, by Luther, of the teaching of Purgatory.

Summary: Refutation, by Luther, of the teaching of Purgatory.

Summary: One of several 1530 editions of a tract in which Luther rejects the Catholic doctrine of purgatory, a topic not addressed in the Augsburg Confessions.

Summary: One of several 1530 editions of a tract in which Luther rejects the Catholic doctrine of purgatory, a topic not addressed in the Augsburg Confessions.

Summary: Anti-monastic tract by Hans Sachs, shoemaker, poet, and dramatist of Nürnberg, and strong supporter of Luther.

Summary: Anti-monastic tract by Hans Sachs, shoemaker, poet, and dramatist of Nürnberg, and strong supporter of Luther.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: Second printing of a an anti-Protestant tract by Kilian Leib, prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf. Leib was a Catholic theologian in the humanist tradition who was a firm opponent of Martin Luther's reforms. In 1530 he had participated in drafting the Catholic response to the Augsburg Confession. In this work, Leib outlines 7 causes for the Lutheran heresy, which include among others an unfavorable constellation of the stars, ordained by God to punish humanity.

Summary: Second printing of a an anti-Protestant tract by Kilian Leib, prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf. Leib was a Catholic theologian in the humanist tradition who was a firm opponent of Martin Luther's reforms. In 1530 he had participated in drafting the Catholic response to the Augsburg Confession. In this work, Leib outlines 7 causes for the Lutheran heresy, which include among others an unfavorable constellation of the stars, ordained by God to punish humanity.

Summary: This is an early Italian response to Martin Luther, attacking the schismatic monk on his own terms, in the vernacular for the benefit of laymen or simplici, as advertised on the title-page. The work is quite broad in its criticism and aims to refute not only Luther and his followers, but all heretics and even Jews.

Summary: This is an early Italian response to Martin Luther, attacking the schismatic monk on his own terms, in the vernacular for the benefit of laymen or simplici, as advertised on the title-page. The work is quite broad in its criticism and aims to refute not only Luther and his followers, but all heretics and even Jews.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of a pamphlet by Johann Eck in support of Hieronymus Emser, a theologian in Leipzig and one of Luther's most vehement early opponents.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of a pamphlet by Johann Eck in support of Hieronymus Emser, a theologian in Leipzig and one of Luther's most vehement early opponents.

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Summary: Polemic ballad with a total of 142 rhymed lines, relating the story of a drunk Carmelite monk who attends a sermon preached outside the city by a righteous (Lutheran) pastor and who interrupts the preacher, accusing him of lying and misrepresenting Scripture. The people in response rise up and begin to beat him, almost killing him, but the monk is taken away and brought before the city council and the mayor who calls for calm and instructs that the monk should be locked up to await the executioner and thus be placed under God's justice rather than the mob's anger.

Summary: Polemic ballad with a total of 142 rhymed lines, relating the story of a drunk Carmelite monk who attends a sermon preached outside the city by a righteous (Lutheran) pastor and who interrupts the preacher, accusing him of lying and misrepresenting Scripture. The people in response rise up and begin to beat him, almost killing him, but the monk is taken away and brought before the city council and the mayor who calls for calm and instructs that the monk should be locked up to await the executioner and thus be placed under God's justice rather than the mob's anger.

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Summary: A tract in which Wesley reflects on a number of doctrines of the Catholic Church.

Summary: A tract in which Wesley reflects on a number of doctrines of the Catholic Church.

Summary: This is the fifth printing of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition, on the power of the Pope, prepared for the Leipzig Disputation.

Summary: This is the fifth printing of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition, on the power of the Pope, prepared for the Leipzig Disputation.

Summary: One of the thorniest issues raised in the Leipzig Disputation was the historical precedence of papal authority. Eck argued that from earliest times, the authority of the bishop of Rome was accepted by the other bishops. Luther's thirteenth proposition argued that only much later did the church in Rome claim precedence over the other churches.

Summary: One of the thorniest issues raised in the Leipzig Disputation was the historical precedence of papal authority. Eck argued that from earliest times, the authority of the bishop of Rome was accepted by the other bishops. Luther's thirteenth proposition argued that only much later did the church in Rome claim precedence over the other churches.

Summary: This is Luther's final authorized edition of his Ninety-five Theses in book form with his own commentaries. The edition published by Rhau-Grunemberg had been so full of errors, that Luther gave the printing of this edition to Melchior Lotter in Leipzig.

Summary: This is Luther's final authorized edition of his Ninety-five Theses in book form with his own commentaries. The edition published by Rhau-Grunemberg had been so full of errors, that Luther gave the printing of this edition to Melchior Lotter in Leipzig.

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Summary: A sermon preached at Paul's cross. Correspondence with Dr. Cole. The reply to Harding's Answer...

Summary: A sermon preached at Paul's cross. Correspondence with Dr. Cole. The reply to Harding's Answer...

Summary: The reply to Harding's Answer...[cont.] An exposition upon the two Epistles to the Thessalonians. Sermons. A treatise of the sacraments.

Summary: The reply to Harding's Answer...[cont.] An exposition upon the two Epistles to the Thessalonians. Sermons. A treatise of the sacraments.

Summary: Written in Latin in the fall of 1521 under the title De abroganda missa privata, this is the third printing of the first German edition of Martin Luther's important tract on the celebration of private masses. Luther opposed any celebration of the Eucharist that was not accessible to or provided for the congregation at large and felt so strongly about this material that he translated it into German himself.

Summary: Written in Latin in the fall of 1521 under the title De abroganda missa privata, this is the third printing of the first German edition of Martin Luther's important tract on the celebration of private masses. Luther opposed any celebration of the Eucharist that was not accessible to or provided for the congregation at large and felt so strongly about this material that he translated it into German himself.

Summary: A treatise by Luther on the relationship of belief and practice, intended for those "poor consciences, that lie captive to human laws in cloisters and monastic foundations", as he puts it in his preface. It is also noteworthy that Luther assumes his audience includes both those who could read his writings directly, and those who heard them read by others, when he dedicates his pamphlet "to all who read or hear this little book".

Summary: A treatise by Luther on the relationship of belief and practice, intended for those "poor consciences, that lie captive to human laws in cloisters and monastic foundations", as he puts it in his preface. It is also noteworthy that Luther assumes his audience includes both those who could read his writings directly, and those who heard them read by others, when he dedicates his pamphlet "to all who read or hear this little book".

Summary: One of three 1522 printings of an essay on monastic vows written by Luther during his stay at the Wartburg Castle after the Diet of Worms. It is addressed to monks, whose conscience is troubled by the conflict between their vows and their desire to leave the monastic life. Luther frequently referred to this piece throughout his career, and it became one of his most influential works.

Summary: One of three 1522 printings of an essay on monastic vows written by Luther during his stay at the Wartburg Castle after the Diet of Worms. It is addressed to monks, whose conscience is troubled by the conflict between their vows and their desire to leave the monastic life. Luther frequently referred to this piece throughout his career, and it became one of his most influential works.

Summary: In this piece, Melanchthon sharply attacks the major Anabaptist theological points. This is the second printing of the tract.

Summary: In this piece, Melanchthon sharply attacks the major Anabaptist theological points. This is the second printing of the tract.

Summary: Polemical tract against celibacy, attributed to Michael Keller, who was married August 10, 1526 in Augsburg.

Summary: Polemical tract against celibacy, attributed to Michael Keller, who was married August 10, 1526 in Augsburg.

Summary: Defense of Catholic worship and priestly offices by Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altzelle, a vehement opponent of Martin Luther.

Summary: Defense of Catholic worship and priestly offices by Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altzelle, a vehement opponent of Martin Luther.

Summary: Second Basel printing of an early Luther treatise on Penance, together with a translation and exposition of Psalm 118.

Summary: Second Basel printing of an early Luther treatise on Penance, together with a translation and exposition of Psalm 118.

Summary: Only printing of a Lutheran pamphlet by an anonymous preacher from Southern Germany on the subject of baptism and other ceremonies in the Catholic church, with an introduction by Nicolaus Gallus.

Summary: Only printing of a Lutheran pamphlet by an anonymous preacher from Southern Germany on the subject of baptism and other ceremonies in the Catholic church, with an introduction by Nicolaus Gallus.

Summary: First printing of a rare pamphlet directed against Martin Luther. Wulffer calls Luther a false prophet and claims that his teachings contain no love, but only self-aggrandizement.

Summary: First printing of a rare pamphlet directed against Martin Luther. Wulffer calls Luther a false prophet and claims that his teachings contain no love, but only self-aggrandizement.

Summary: First and only edition of an important source about the early relations between the Lutheran and Anabaptist movements.

Summary: First and only edition of an important source about the early relations between the Lutheran and Anabaptist movements.

Summary: Johann Eberlin von Günzburg was a former Franciscan who had left the order and joined the Lutheran Reformation in 1521. This is the second edition of his tract on the dangers of priestly celibacy. He himself was married in 1524 and had four children. The title page woodcut shows the wedding of three different priests, including one to a nun.

Summary: Johann Eberlin von Günzburg was a former Franciscan who had left the order and joined the Lutheran Reformation in 1521. This is the second edition of his tract on the dangers of priestly celibacy. He himself was married in 1524 and had four children. The title page woodcut shows the wedding of three different priests, including one to a nun.

Summary: In this pamphlet, Johann Brenz, the Lutheran Reformer of South Germany, attacks papal marriage law, and limits the forbidden degrees (marriages) to the narrowest possible interpretation of the Biblical material.

Summary: In this pamphlet, Johann Brenz, the Lutheran Reformer of South Germany, attacks papal marriage law, and limits the forbidden degrees (marriages) to the narrowest possible interpretation of the Biblical material.