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An engraving depicting the body of Arnaldo of Brescia, who was burned at the stake for heresy. The image shows two men using tongs to push the Arnoldo's remaining bones into the flames as a monk and the pope watch.

An engraving depicting the body of Arnaldo of Brescia, who was burned at the stake for heresy. The image shows two men using tongs to push the Arnoldo's remaining bones into the flames as a monk and the pope watch.

An engraving depicting the burning of forty individuals accused of heresy by the Council of Orleans. The image depicts bound figures being lead to a massive bonfire.

An engraving depicting the burning of forty individuals accused of heresy by the Council of Orleans. The image depicts bound figures being lead to a massive bonfire.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Pelagius of Córdoba. The image shows Pelagius being held up as his arms are cut off and the torturer prepares to cut off his feet.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Pelagius of Córdoba. The image shows Pelagius being held up as his arms are cut off and the torturer prepares to cut off his feet.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of John, a merchant of Cordoba. The image shows John bound and sitting backwards on a donkey being led by a Muslim (evidinced by the star and moon symbols on their clothes).

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of John, a merchant of Cordoba. The image shows John bound and sitting backwards on a donkey being led by a Muslim (evidinced by the star and moon symbols on their clothes).

An engraving depicting the death of Clement of Scotland, who was accused of heresy by Saint Boniface and burned at the stake.

An engraving depicting the death of Clement of Scotland, who was accused of heresy by Saint Boniface and burned at the stake.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of the 440 Martyrs killed by the Lombards. The image shows figures being beheaded (left) while a man kneels before an altar with a goat's head.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of the 440 Martyrs killed by the Lombards. The image shows figures being beheaded (left) while a man kneels before an altar with a goat's head.

An engraving depicting the death of the Vandal king, Huneric, by "worms and pus," as punishment for persecuting the Christians. The image shows Huneric lying on a bed, his left hand and foot fallen off, while his gathered attendants cover their faces against the smell.

An engraving depicting the death of the Vandal king, Huneric, by "worms and pus," as punishment for persecuting the Christians. The image shows Huneric lying on a bed, his left hand and foot fallen off, while his gathered attendants cover their faces against the smell.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Julitta and her child, Cyricus. The image shows Julitta tied to a post and being whipped (left), a hook for torture on the ground beside her, and the governor of Tarsus holding Julitta's child, Cyricus, by the legs, preparing to throw him down a staircase (right).

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Julitta and her child, Cyricus. The image shows Julitta tied to a post and being whipped (left), a hook for torture on the ground beside her, and the governor of Tarsus holding Julitta's child, Cyricus, by the legs, preparing to throw him down a staircase (right).

An engraving depicting the Eulalia kicking over an alter to a Roman god in an event preceeding her martyrdom. In the image, the crowd around Eulalia appearing outraged.

An engraving depicting the Eulalia kicking over an alter to a Roman god in an event preceeding her martyrdom. In the image, the crowd around Eulalia appearing outraged.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Cassian of Imola. The image shows Cassian bound and stabbed with styli (writing implements used with wax tablets) by his students.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Cassian of Imola. The image shows Cassian bound and stabbed with styli (writing implements used with wax tablets) by his students.

An engraving depicting various tortures and executions of Christians during the persecutions ordered under Emperors Diocletian and Maximian. The image shows five different methods of crucifixion (right), people being burned at the stake (center, background), a man being beaten (center), a figure being attacked by dogs (bottom left), and a figure being stabbed, covered in oil, and burned (left), all while the Emperors watch (top left, background).

An engraving depicting various tortures and executions of Christians during the persecutions ordered under Emperors Diocletian and Maximian. The image shows five different methods of crucifixion (right), people being burned at the stake (center, background), a man being beaten (center), a figure being attacked by dogs (bottom left), and a figure being stabbed, covered in oil, and burned (left), all while the Emperors watch (top left, background).

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saints Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus. The image shows the three men lying in an arena, praying and appealing to heaven as they are surrounded by a lion and bear which refuse to attack them.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saints Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus. The image shows the three men lying in an arena, praying and appealing to heaven as they are surrounded by a lion and bear which refuse to attack them.

An engraving depicting the torture of Saints Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus before their martyrdom. The image shows one of the saints standing before the governor Numerian Maximus, while implements of torture, including hot coals, appear in the foreground and background.

An engraving depicting the torture of Saints Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus before their martyrdom. The image shows one of the saints standing before the governor Numerian Maximus, while implements of torture, including hot coals, appear in the foreground and background.

An engraving depicting the torture of Origen. The image shows Origen chained to a prison wall by his neck, his hands clasped in prayer and feet locked in a stocks, while torturers head coals and hold burning straw towards him.

An engraving depicting the torture of Origen. The image shows Origen chained to a prison wall by his neck, his hands clasped in prayer and feet locked in a stocks, while torturers head coals and hold burning straw towards him.

An engraving depicting Saint Cointha before her martyrdom. The image shows Cointha rejecting the altar of a Roman god as two men bring rope (right) with which to tie her by her feet to a horse to be dragged through the streets.

An engraving depicting Saint Cointha before her martyrdom. The image shows Cointha rejecting the altar of a Roman god as two men bring rope (right) with which to tie her by her feet to a horse to be dragged through the streets.

An engraving depicting the burning of a building full of Christians by order of Emperor Maximinus I.

An engraving depicting the burning of a building full of Christians by order of Emperor Maximinus I.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Felicity. The image shows Felicity being approached by a guard holding a set of keys, her hands clasped in prayer and chained to the prison wall by her neck. According to tradition, Felicity was martyred alongside Saint Perpetua, was an enslaved woman, and was pregnant at the time.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Felicity. The image shows Felicity being approached by a guard holding a set of keys, her hands clasped in prayer and chained to the prison wall by her neck. According to tradition, Felicity was martyred alongside Saint Perpetua, was an enslaved woman, and was pregnant at the time.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Blandina. The image shows Blandina being tossed by a bull towards a second bull's oncoming charge, while in the background there is a burning grill where she had previously been severely burned.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Blandina. The image shows Blandina being tossed by a bull towards a second bull's oncoming charge, while in the background there is a burning grill where she had previously been severely burned.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Polycarp. The image shows Polycarp sitting on a blazing fire with eyes turned towards heaven as a man stabs him with a sword.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Polycarp. The image shows Polycarp sitting on a blazing fire with eyes turned towards heaven as a man stabs him with a sword.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Felicitas and her seven sons. The image shows five of the seven sons already dead, with one beheaded and another kneeling as the executioner prepares to behead him (left). On the right, Felicitas watches with her final son bound behind her (left).

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Felicitas and her seven sons. The image shows five of the seven sons already dead, with one beheaded and another kneeling as the executioner prepares to behead him (left). On the right, Felicitas watches with her final son bound behind her (left).

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Phocas, the Bishop of Sinope. The image shows Phocas being tossed into a large, boiling bath (left) while a soldier (right) directs an old man's attention to the event. In the background a steaming lime kiln can be seen (right).

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Phocas, the Bishop of Sinope. The image shows Phocas being tossed into a large, boiling bath (left) while a soldier (right) directs an old man's attention to the event. In the background a steaming lime kiln can be seen (right).