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Summary: When Pope Paul III called for a reform council at Mantua in 1536, the Protestants were faced with a dilemma. If they attended the council they would be recognizing the Pope's authority in such matters. If they refused, then it might appear that their calls for a general council had been insincere. The sticky task of responding to the pope's call fell upon Melanchthon. This is an edition of his response.

Summary: When Pope Paul III called for a reform council at Mantua in 1536, the Protestants were faced with a dilemma. If they attended the council they would be recognizing the Pope's authority in such matters. If they refused, then it might appear that their calls for a general council had been insincere. The sticky task of responding to the pope's call fell upon Melanchthon. This is an edition of his response.

Summary: When Luther received the replies of S. Mazzolini, the first man to take up the cudgels against Luther, he found the best course of reply to be a reprinting with notes of Mazzolini's inept rejoinders. Even the Catholics had to admit that Mazzolini's answers simply did not meet Luther's objections. This is the second printing of the work.

Summary: When Luther received the replies of S. Mazzolini, the first man to take up the cudgels against Luther, he found the best course of reply to be a reprinting with notes of Mazzolini's inept rejoinders. Even the Catholics had to admit that Mazzolini's answers simply did not meet Luther's objections. This is the second printing of the work.

Summary: Casper Schatzgeyer, or Sasgerus, was a Franciscan friar who became provincial of the Province of Strasbourg in 1517. He wrote about 23 books on theological topics and against members of other orders and sects, notably J. von Staupitz and A. Osiander. This book, however, criticizes two of Luther's tracts: On Monastic Vows and On the Abolition of the Private Mass. Luther persuaded Johann Briessmann to reply, and Schatzgeyer replied to Briessmann. This is the work's first printing.

Summary: Casper Schatzgeyer, or Sasgerus, was a Franciscan friar who became provincial of the Province of Strasbourg in 1517. He wrote about 23 books on theological topics and against members of other orders and sects, notably J. von Staupitz and A. Osiander. This book, however, criticizes two of Luther's tracts: On Monastic Vows and On the Abolition of the Private Mass. Luther persuaded Johann Briessmann to reply, and Schatzgeyer replied to Briessmann. This is the work's first printing.

Summary: This is Luther's final authorized edition of his Ninety-five Theses in book form with his own commentaries. The edition published by Rhau-Grunemberg had been so full of errors, that Luther gave the printing of this edition to Melchior Lotter in Leipzig.

Summary: This is Luther's final authorized edition of his Ninety-five Theses in book form with his own commentaries. The edition published by Rhau-Grunemberg had been so full of errors, that Luther gave the printing of this edition to Melchior Lotter in Leipzig.

Summary: A collection of the works of Saint Isidore, of Seville.

Summary: A collection of the works of Saint Isidore, of Seville.

Summary: Latin text of the Papal Bull Ad Dominici gregis curam, issued June 4, 1536, for the Council of Mantua which was never held (council eventually took place in Trent).

Summary: Latin text of the Papal Bull Ad Dominici gregis curam, issued June 4, 1536, for the Council of Mantua which was never held (council eventually took place in Trent).

Summary:

Summary:

A pair of engravings depicting the Scala Sancta at St. John Lateran and statues of the Dioscuri with horses which were moved to the Piazza del Quirinale, both of which were a part of Pope Sixtus V's urban reform program.

A pair of engravings depicting the Scala Sancta at St. John Lateran and statues of the Dioscuri with horses which were moved to the Piazza del Quirinale, both of which were a part of Pope Sixtus V's urban reform program.

Summary: This is a Catholic pamphlet warning against Luther's errors. "Pastor Highmind" may be pseudonym or the name of a real Pastor von Hohensynn.

Summary: This is a Catholic pamphlet warning against Luther's errors. "Pastor Highmind" may be pseudonym or the name of a real Pastor von Hohensynn.

Summary: Response by King Henry VIII of England to Luther's attack on his book, "Assertio septem sacramentorum", on the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. This printing was issued in Leipzig by Hieronymous Emser, early opponent of Luther, with a reply by his ruler, Duke George of Saxony, and dedicated by Emser to Johann von Schleinitz, bishop of Meissen.

Summary: Response by King Henry VIII of England to Luther's attack on his book, "Assertio septem sacramentorum", on the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. This printing was issued in Leipzig by Hieronymous Emser, early opponent of Luther, with a reply by his ruler, Duke George of Saxony, and dedicated by Emser to Johann von Schleinitz, bishop of Meissen.

This sermon examines the virtue of patience, outlining multiple reasons for why patience is important and why Christians are obligated to practice patience.

This sermon examines the virtue of patience, outlining multiple reasons for why patience is important and why Christians are obligated to practice patience.

This sermon examines sin, describing the variety of kinds of sins, being corporal or spiritual, and the effects of sin on our bodies and on our soul.

This sermon examines sin, describing the variety of kinds of sins, being corporal or spiritual, and the effects of sin on our bodies and on our soul.

This sermon examines the practice of confession, emphasizing the importance of revealing one's sins in order to receive forgiveness, and outlining the appropriate times in which absolution should be withheld.

This sermon examines the practice of confession, emphasizing the importance of revealing one's sins in order to receive forgiveness, and outlining the appropriate times in which absolution should be withheld.

This sermon addresses the sacrifice of Jesus and the continual practice of Mass, indicating the importance of attending mass, the situations in which people can be excused from Mass without sin, and the dispositions necessary to benefit from Mass.

This sermon addresses the sacrifice of Jesus and the continual practice of Mass, indicating the importance of attending mass, the situations in which people can be excused from Mass without sin, and the dispositions necessary to benefit from Mass.

This sermon addresses the rewards promised to the blessed and faithful in Heaven, consistently emphasizing that these rewards are far more magnificent than any man-made riches or wonders.

This sermon addresses the rewards promised to the blessed and faithful in Heaven, consistently emphasizing that these rewards are far more magnificent than any man-made riches or wonders.

Summary: Missal for the diocese of Bamberg, printed at the request of Bishop Georg Schenk von Limpurg (1470-1522).

Summary: Missal for the diocese of Bamberg, printed at the request of Bishop Georg Schenk von Limpurg (1470-1522).

An engraving depicting St. Peter's Basilica and surrounding buildings and monuments, including the Papal Palace, the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Obelisk, the Sacristy, and St. Peter's Square.

An engraving depicting St. Peter's Basilica and surrounding buildings and monuments, including the Papal Palace, the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Obelisk, the Sacristy, and St. Peter's Square.

A series of four engravings depicting the standards of the Spanish and Goan Inquisitions (top), a man awaiting judgement (bottom left), and a nun who avoided being condemned to the stake by confessing (bottom right). The standard of the Spanish Inquisition features a cross made of rough logs, flanked by a sword and a branch with the motto, "EXURGE DOMINE ET JUDICA CAUSAM TUAM PSALM 73." The standard of the Goan Inquisition features a Dominican monk holding a sword and branch above a dog holding a torch to an orb with the motto, "MISERICORDIA ET JUSTITIA."

A series of four engravings depicting the standards of the Spanish and Goan Inquisitions (top), a man awaiting judgement (bottom left), and a nun who avoided being condemned to the stake by confessing (bottom right). The standard of the Spanish Inquisition features a cross made of rough logs, flanked by a sword and a branch with the motto, "EXURGE DOMINE ET JUDICA CAUSAM TUAM PSALM 73." The standard of the Goan Inquisition features a Dominican monk holding a sword and branch above a dog holding a torch to an orb with the motto, "MISERICORDIA ET JUSTITIA."

An engraving depicting Jesus leading the Apostles, with a hand on Peter's back, towards St. Peter's Basilica. Below the image is a passage from Matthew 16, "Super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam" (On this rock I will build my church).

An engraving depicting Jesus leading the Apostles, with a hand on Peter's back, towards St. Peter's Basilica. Below the image is a passage from Matthew 16, "Super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam" (On this rock I will build my church).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the announcement of a successful election of a new pope (top) and the rite of burning flax at the Papal corronation (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the announcement of a successful election of a new pope (top) and the rite of burning flax at the Papal corronation (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the newly elected Pope being carried from the Sistine Chapel to St. Peter's Basilica (top) and the recognition of the new Pope as he sits upon the High Altar in St. Peter's Basilica (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the newly elected Pope being carried from the Sistine Chapel to St. Peter's Basilica (top) and the recognition of the new Pope as he sits upon the High Altar in St. Peter's Basilica (bottom).