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A pair of engravings depicting Jewish weddings in Portugal (top) and Germany (bottom). The Portugese wedding shows a gathering indoors, the bride sitting beneath a canopy on a dais as the groom raises a glass to toss it down and break. The German wedding shows a gathering outdoors, the bride and groom trading rings beneath a tallit as the rabbi guides them.

A pair of engravings depicting Jewish weddings in Portugal (top) and Germany (bottom). The Portugese wedding shows a gathering indoors, the bride sitting beneath a canopy on a dais as the groom raises a glass to toss it down and break. The German wedding shows a gathering outdoors, the bride and groom trading rings beneath a tallit as the rabbi guides them.

Four medallions decorating the title page of Thalmut. : Obiectiones in dicta Thalmut seductoris Iudeorum. Each medallion features a portrait of a bearded man wearing different vestments associated with the Jewish tradition.

Four medallions decorating the title page of Thalmut. : Obiectiones in dicta Thalmut seductoris Iudeorum. Each medallion features a portrait of a bearded man wearing different vestments associated with the Jewish tradition.

An engraving depicting assorted instruments for the brit milah (Jewish ritual circumcision) (top) and a Torah scroll witht he related trappings, including finials for the ends, a fabric wrap for a closed roll, an ornate cloth mantle to cover the closed scroll, a pointer, and a box holding chits with the names of members of the synagogue to be drawn for aliyot (divided into groups based on status).

An engraving depicting assorted instruments for the brit milah (Jewish ritual circumcision) (top) and a Torah scroll witht he related trappings, including finials for the ends, a fabric wrap for a closed roll, an ornate cloth mantle to cover the closed scroll, a pointer, and a box holding chits with the names of members of the synagogue to be drawn for aliyot (divided into groups based on status).

An engraving depicting liturgical objects associated with Jewish religious practice, including a tallit katan (prayer shawl), tassels, a Sabbath lamp, matsah, the Four Species (a palm frond, brnaches from a myrtle and a willow tree and a citron, waved during the celebration of the harvest festival Sukkot), a shofar (a ram’s horn blown on the holidays of Rosh Hoshanah andYom Kippur), and a mezuzah (a scroll with specific Hebrew verses from the Torah, placed on doorposts of Jewish homes).

An engraving depicting liturgical objects associated with Jewish religious practice, including a tallit katan (prayer shawl), tassels, a Sabbath lamp, matsah, the Four Species (a palm frond, brnaches from a myrtle and a willow tree and a citron, waved during the celebration of the harvest festival Sukkot), a shofar (a ram’s horn blown on the holidays of Rosh Hoshanah andYom Kippur), and a mezuzah (a scroll with specific Hebrew verses from the Torah, placed on doorposts of Jewish homes).

An engraving depicting elements of Jewish ritual garments, including a Jewish prayer shawl with tassels (top), phylacteries (small black leather boxes including verses from the Torah), and a Jew wearing both for worship (bottom right).

An engraving depicting elements of Jewish ritual garments, including a Jewish prayer shawl with tassels (top), phylacteries (small black leather boxes including verses from the Torah), and a Jew wearing both for worship (bottom right).

A pair of engravings depicting a Jewish family preparing for (top) and observing (bottom) Passover. The top engraving shows the family searching for and removing any remaining leaven in the kitchen in preparation for Passover. The bottom engraving shows the family sitting down around a table and participating in a Seder dinner.

A pair of engravings depicting a Jewish family preparing for (top) and observing (bottom) Passover. The top engraving shows the family searching for and removing any remaining leaven in the kitchen in preparation for Passover. The bottom engraving shows the family sitting down around a table and participating in a Seder dinner.

A pair of engravings depicting the brit milah (ritual circumcision) (top) and the pidyon haben (redemption of the firstborn son) (bottom). The top engraving shows the family of the infant gathered as the rabbi oversees the proceedure. The bottom engraving shows the family of the child gathered around as the father presents the first-born son to the kohen (a priest directly descended from Aaron).

A pair of engravings depicting the brit milah (ritual circumcision) (top) and the pidyon haben (redemption of the firstborn son) (bottom). The top engraving shows the family of the infant gathered as the rabbi oversees the proceedure. The bottom engraving shows the family of the child gathered around as the father presents the first-born son to the kohen (a priest directly descended from Aaron).

An engraving depicting a group of German Jews performing physical penitence within the synagogue, theoretically in observance of Yom Kippur. Two men are shown whipping two other men while a fifth man to the right is removing his coat, presumably to take his turn. Other men are shown around the synagogue reading the Torah while wearing tallitot.

An engraving depicting a group of German Jews performing physical penitence within the synagogue, theoretically in observance of Yom Kippur. Two men are shown whipping two other men while a fifth man to the right is removing his coat, presumably to take his turn. Other men are shown around the synagogue reading the Torah while wearing tallitot.

A pair of engravings depicting the observance of Rosh Hashanah (top) and Yom Kippur (bottom). The top engraving depicts the sounding of the shofar during the celebration of Rosh Hashanah, the beginning of the new year. The bottom engraving depicts a gathering of Jews in reflection on the past year, repenting their sins and asking forgiveness in observance of Yom Kippur.

A pair of engravings depicting the observance of Rosh Hashanah (top) and Yom Kippur (bottom). The top engraving depicts the sounding of the shofar during the celebration of Rosh Hashanah, the beginning of the new year. The bottom engraving depicts a gathering of Jews in reflection on the past year, repenting their sins and asking forgiveness in observance of Yom Kippur.

A pair of engravings depicting a Jewish funeral (top) and a Jewish burial (bottom). The top engraving shows the hakafoth, a series of seven processions, around the coffin. The bottom engraving shows a group of attendants filling a grave with dirt.

A pair of engravings depicting a Jewish funeral (top) and a Jewish burial (bottom). The top engraving shows the hakafoth, a series of seven processions, around the coffin. The bottom engraving shows a group of attendants filling a grave with dirt.

A pair of engravings depicting a kohen (priest descended directly from Aaron) reciting prayers in the synagogue (top) and a rabbi lifting the Torah scroll for the gathered worshipers to see (bottom). The top engraving shows the kohen on the right with worshipers gathered around wearing tallitot and is labeled as "Synagogue des Juifs Portugais a la Haye" (the Synagogue of the Portuguese Jews in the Hague). The bottom engraving shows a gathering of Jewish worhipers, most wearing tallitot, looking on as a rabbi raises the Torah scroll.

A pair of engravings depicting a kohen (priest descended directly from Aaron) reciting prayers in the synagogue (top) and a rabbi lifting the Torah scroll for the gathered worshipers to see (bottom). The top engraving shows the kohen on the right with worshipers gathered around wearing tallitot and is labeled as "Synagogue des Juifs Portugais a la Haye" (the Synagogue of the Portuguese Jews in the Hague). The bottom engraving shows a gathering of Jewish worhipers, most wearing tallitot, looking on as a rabbi raises the Torah scroll.

An engraving depicting Moses kneeling beside the Red Sea and reaching out his hand so that the waters could comeback over the Egyptians along with their chariots and horsemen. The men dressed in armor and on horseback depict the Egyptians, and the men standing behind Moses depict the Israelites.

An engraving depicting Moses kneeling beside the Red Sea and reaching out his hand so that the waters could comeback over the Egyptians along with their chariots and horsemen. The men dressed in armor and on horseback depict the Egyptians, and the men standing behind Moses depict the Israelites.

An engraving depicting Paul surrounded by Jewish leaders, who are accusing him of many crimes, standing in front of Porcius Festus, Procurate (governor) of Judea (left) and the Corinthians listening to Paul (right).

An engraving depicting Paul surrounded by Jewish leaders, who are accusing him of many crimes, standing in front of Porcius Festus, Procurate (governor) of Judea (left) and the Corinthians listening to Paul (right).

An engraving depicting to episodes from the Bible. On the left, Paul is shown engaging in discussion with the Jews in the city of Ephesus. On the right, the Tabernacle is depicted with a pair of men sitting before a shielding curtain.

An engraving depicting to episodes from the Bible. On the left, Paul is shown engaging in discussion with the Jews in the city of Ephesus. On the right, the Tabernacle is depicted with a pair of men sitting before a shielding curtain.

An engraving depicting Paul embracing Ephesian Elders as he departs on his journey to Jerusalem. The elders are shown crying, embracing and kissing him.

An engraving depicting Paul embracing Ephesian Elders as he departs on his journey to Jerusalem. The elders are shown crying, embracing and kissing him.

A pair of engravings depicting the daily recitation of the Hoshanot during Sukkot (top) and a Jewish family sharing a meal in their sukkah during the Sukkot festival. The top engraving shows worshippers processing around the synagogue carrying the four Holy Species (palm frond, myrtle, willow branch, and citron) as they recite the Hoshanot. The bottom engraving shows a Jewish family sharing a meal in an elaborately decorated sukkah, with the sukkah of another family in the background.

A pair of engravings depicting the daily recitation of the Hoshanot during Sukkot (top) and a Jewish family sharing a meal in their sukkah during the Sukkot festival. The top engraving shows worshippers processing around the synagogue carrying the four Holy Species (palm frond, myrtle, willow branch, and citron) as they recite the Hoshanot. The bottom engraving shows a Jewish family sharing a meal in an elaborately decorated sukkah, with the sukkah of another family in the background.

A pair of engravings depicting the celebration of Simchat Torah, including the procession of the Torah scrolls around the synagogue, carried by the Chatan Torah.

A pair of engravings depicting the celebration of Simchat Torah, including the procession of the Torah scrolls around the synagogue, carried by the Chatan Torah.

An engraving depicting God giving Moses the Ten Commandments atop Mount Sinai (left) and Moses returning to the Israellites to show them the tablets.

An engraving depicting God giving Moses the Ten Commandments atop Mount Sinai (left) and Moses returning to the Israellites to show them the tablets.