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Summary: A selection of criticisms of Luther's views on the spiritual origins of the Papacy by one of his early opponents, Ambrosius Catharinus, edited by another of his early opponents, Hieronymus Emser, and dedicated by Emser to a third Luther opponent, Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altenzelle.

Summary: A selection of criticisms of Luther's views on the spiritual origins of the Papacy by one of his early opponents, Ambrosius Catharinus, edited by another of his early opponents, Hieronymus Emser, and dedicated by Emser to a third Luther opponent, Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altenzelle.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: This is a finely executed and rare edition, dealing with the office of the Pope, with special emphasis on the person of St. Peter. Tommaso de Vio, also called Cajetan, taught philosophy and theology at Padua, Pavia, and Rome, and played an important part in the ecclesiastical affairs of the time, urging the cause of reform.

Summary: This is a finely executed and rare edition, dealing with the office of the Pope, with special emphasis on the person of St. Peter. Tommaso de Vio, also called Cajetan, taught philosophy and theology at Padua, Pavia, and Rome, and played an important part in the ecclesiastical affairs of the time, urging the cause of reform.

A woodcut depicting the "Papal Ass," a monster purported to have been pulled from the Tiber in Rome as a portent of the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

A woodcut depicting the "Papal Ass," a monster purported to have been pulled from the Tiber in Rome as a portent of the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

Summary: Augustinus Alveldt, a Franciscan teacher, and later provincial head of the order, here responds to Luther's tract, "Von dem Papsttum zu Rom," in which Luther explains his views on the Papacy.

Summary: Augustinus Alveldt, a Franciscan teacher, and later provincial head of the order, here responds to Luther's tract, "Von dem Papsttum zu Rom," in which Luther explains his views on the Papacy.

Summary: Translation, with additions, of Platina's Vitae pontificum.

Summary: Translation, with additions, of Platina's Vitae pontificum.

An engraved border to Descrizione di Roma moderna formata nvovamente. The engraving depicts a pair of figures, one holding a cross and chalice and the other holding an anchor flanking a crest with three bees (the Barberini family) crowned by a galero (bottom), a pair of cherubs with shields (one with the papal keys and the other with S.P.Q.R.

An engraved border to Descrizione di Roma moderna formata nvovamente. The engraving depicts a pair of figures, one holding a cross and chalice and the other holding an anchor flanking a crest with three bees (the Barberini family) crowned by a galero (bottom), a pair of cherubs with shields (one with the papal keys and the other with S.P.Q.R.

Summary: This rare anti-Lutheran tract was directed chiefly against Luther's views on the power of the Papacy, but includes material on the Word and Sacraments as well.

Summary: This rare anti-Lutheran tract was directed chiefly against Luther's views on the power of the Papacy, but includes material on the Word and Sacraments as well.

A woodcut of Pope Leo X's coat of arms, appearing on the title page of the official papal bull excommunicating Martin Luther. The coat of arms features the crossed keys to the kingdom of Heaven and the Papal crown, the traditional symbols of the Papacy, and the coat of arms of the Medici family, to which Pope Leo X belonged.

A woodcut of Pope Leo X's coat of arms, appearing on the title page of the official papal bull excommunicating Martin Luther. The coat of arms features the crossed keys to the kingdom of Heaven and the Papal crown, the traditional symbols of the Papacy, and the coat of arms of the Medici family, to which Pope Leo X belonged.

Summary: A tract in which Wesley reflects on a number of doctrines of the Catholic Church.

Summary: A tract in which Wesley reflects on a number of doctrines of the Catholic Church.

The Whore of Babylon riding atop a seven-headed beast and holding a chalice aloft. She is depicted wearing the papal crown.

The Whore of Babylon riding atop a seven-headed beast and holding a chalice aloft. She is depicted wearing the papal crown.

Summary: Second Basel printing of an early Luther treatise on Penance, together with a translation and exposition of Psalm 118.

Summary: Second Basel printing of an early Luther treatise on Penance, together with a translation and exposition of Psalm 118.

Summary: When the time stipulated in the Pope's bull of excommunication had elapsed on December 10, 1520, Luther and some of his students burned the bull and copies of the canon law. This pamphlet details their reasons for doing so. This is the third (of three) printings of the first edition.

Summary: When the time stipulated in the Pope's bull of excommunication had elapsed on December 10, 1520, Luther and some of his students burned the bull and copies of the canon law. This pamphlet details their reasons for doing so. This is the third (of three) printings of the first edition.

Summary: Luther's last great reckoning with the pope, issued in the year before his death, is a particularly biting satire. In the tract, Luther attacks both Divine and ecclesiastical legitimacy for the papacy.

Summary: Luther's last great reckoning with the pope, issued in the year before his death, is a particularly biting satire. In the tract, Luther attacks both Divine and ecclesiastical legitimacy for the papacy.

Summary: In this pamphlet, Johann Brenz, the Lutheran Reformer of South Germany, attacks papal marriage law, and limits the forbidden degrees (marriages) to the narrowest possible interpretation of the Biblical material.

Summary: In this pamphlet, Johann Brenz, the Lutheran Reformer of South Germany, attacks papal marriage law, and limits the forbidden degrees (marriages) to the narrowest possible interpretation of the Biblical material.