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Summary: Martin Luther's response to the Twelve Arcticles, a list of demands issued by the leaders of the peasant's revolt to the Swabian League and often seen as the first list of human rights in Europe.

Summary: Martin Luther's response to the Twelve Arcticles, a list of demands issued by the leaders of the peasant's revolt to the Swabian League and often seen as the first list of human rights in Europe.

Summary: When Luther wrote this reply to the Swabian peasant' "Twelve Articles and Institution of the Peasants, he was still in hopes that reason might prevail and that bloodshed might be avoided.

Summary: When Luther wrote this reply to the Swabian peasant' "Twelve Articles and Institution of the Peasants, he was still in hopes that reason might prevail and that bloodshed might be avoided.

Summary: First printing of Melanchthon's third and final textbook of dialectic.

Summary: First printing of Melanchthon's third and final textbook of dialectic.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: This is the first volume of printed hymns for church use ever compiled. Jobst Gutknecht, the Nuremberg printer, gathered eight broadside hymns into one collection, thus making the world's first church hymnal. Four hymns are by Luther, three are by Paul Speratus, and one is anonymous.

Summary: This is the first volume of printed hymns for church use ever compiled. Jobst Gutknecht, the Nuremberg printer, gathered eight broadside hymns into one collection, thus making the world's first church hymnal. Four hymns are by Luther, three are by Paul Speratus, and one is anonymous.

An engraved portrait of Pope Eugene IV, who sat as pope from 1431-1447. The portrait shows Eugene IV wearing a simple miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper right corner. The portrait is labeled "EVGENIVS. IIII. PAPA. VENETVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Eugene IV, who sat as pope from 1431-1447. The portrait shows Eugene IV wearing a simple miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper right corner. The portrait is labeled "EVGENIVS. IIII. PAPA. VENETVS".

A contemporary official text, in Spanish, of the famous royal cedula by which the reluctant King Philip II at last promulgated the Catholic Church's reply to the Protestant revolt from the church. This ratifies for the Spanish dominions, the profound reforms of the great Council meeting at Trent from 1545 to 1552 and finally in 1562-1563.

A contemporary official text, in Spanish, of the famous royal cedula by which the reluctant King Philip II at last promulgated the Catholic Church's reply to the Protestant revolt from the church. This ratifies for the Spanish dominions, the profound reforms of the great Council meeting at Trent from 1545 to 1552 and finally in 1562-1563.

A woodcut depicting the rite of excommunication. The bishop sits surrounded by twelve priests in a public place, each with a lit candle in his hand, as he pronounces the anathema against the one to be excommunicated, after which all strike out their candles against the ground. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the rite of excommunication. The bishop sits surrounded by twelve priests in a public place, each with a lit candle in his hand, as he pronounces the anathema against the one to be excommunicated, after which all strike out their candles against the ground. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

Summary: The participants in the Leipzig Disputation promised not to print their positions before the faculties of Paris and Louvain had issued their verdicts in the case. Both sides broke their promise. Melanchthon apparently got into print first, for this is Eck's reply to Melanchthon. This is the second printing of the work.

Summary: The participants in the Leipzig Disputation promised not to print their positions before the faculties of Paris and Louvain had issued their verdicts in the case. Both sides broke their promise. Melanchthon apparently got into print first, for this is Eck's reply to Melanchthon. This is the second printing of the work.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on Galatians, first published in 1546/47 and reprinted numerous times.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on Galatians, first published in 1546/47 and reprinted numerous times.

A woodcut depicting Adam and Eve being driven from the garden of Eden by an angel. The woodcut is accompanied by a verse from Genesis 3 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A woodcut depicting Adam and Eve being driven from the garden of Eden by an angel. The woodcut is accompanied by a verse from Genesis 3 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

Summary: Fourth printing of an open letter by Martin Luther to the princes of Saxony, in which he calls on them to monitor the actions of Thomas Müntzer in order to prevent the outbreak of violence. When war did break out the following year, Luther was one of the harshest critics of the rebelling peasants.

Summary: Fourth printing of an open letter by Martin Luther to the princes of Saxony, in which he calls on them to monitor the actions of Thomas Müntzer in order to prevent the outbreak of violence. When war did break out the following year, Luther was one of the harshest critics of the rebelling peasants.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: Catholic publication of the colloquy of Ratisbon (Regensburg), a meeting in 1541 between Catholic and Lutheran theologians.

Summary: Catholic publication of the colloquy of Ratisbon (Regensburg), a meeting in 1541 between Catholic and Lutheran theologians.

Summary: A letter by Luther to Pope Leo X. Leo had issued his famous bull 'Exsurge Domine' on June 15 1520, demanding that Luther recant his teachings of face excommunication. Luther responded with this letter in September, seeking to explain his position, calling for the church to reform, while emphasizing that his critiques have been directed against abuses within the church, not against the person or office of the pope.

Summary: A letter by Luther to Pope Leo X. Leo had issued his famous bull 'Exsurge Domine' on June 15 1520, demanding that Luther recant his teachings of face excommunication. Luther responded with this letter in September, seeking to explain his position, calling for the church to reform, while emphasizing that his critiques have been directed against abuses within the church, not against the person or office of the pope.

Summary: The Reformation in Esslingen was marked by a long series of conflicts and was not resolved until 1531. In this short letter Luther replies to the "Articles on Confession" proposed by J. Lonicer, pastor of Esslingen.

Summary: The Reformation in Esslingen was marked by a long series of conflicts and was not resolved until 1531. In this short letter Luther replies to the "Articles on Confession" proposed by J. Lonicer, pastor of Esslingen.

Summary: This sermon preached June 22, 1522, on the parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Lk. 16:19-31) was initially published under the title of Sermon secundum Lucam am 16. This printing from the city of Erfurt represents a version of the sermon reworked by Luther in 1523.

Summary: This sermon preached June 22, 1522, on the parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Lk. 16:19-31) was initially published under the title of Sermon secundum Lucam am 16. This printing from the city of Erfurt represents a version of the sermon reworked by Luther in 1523.

Summary: First edition of a sermon by Martin Luther on the judgment and righteousness of God. In the second part of the sermon Luther denies the judicial authority of the pope and councils.

Summary: First edition of a sermon by Martin Luther on the judgment and righteousness of God. In the second part of the sermon Luther denies the judicial authority of the pope and councils.

Summary: Sermon preached May 3, 1523, in the presence of Duke Bogislaus of Pomerania, on John 16:5-14.

Summary: Sermon preached May 3, 1523, in the presence of Duke Bogislaus of Pomerania, on John 16:5-14.

Summary: Second Wittenberg (and first 1520) printing of a sermon by Luther on the Sacrament of Baptism.

Summary: Second Wittenberg (and first 1520) printing of a sermon by Luther on the Sacrament of Baptism.