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A woodcut depicting a bishop greeting the retinue of a traveling cardinal. The cardinal rides a horse with attendants holding a canopy above him while the remainder of his retinue stands before him and a bishop stands in a doorway. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a bishop greeting the retinue of a traveling cardinal. The cardinal rides a horse with attendants holding a canopy above him while the remainder of his retinue stands before him and a bishop stands in a doorway. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a synod gathering of a diocese. A bishop sits surrounded by priests as an archdeacon proclaims the faith from the pulpit. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a synod gathering of a diocese. A bishop sits surrounded by priests as an archdeacon proclaims the faith from the pulpit. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a bishop visiting a parish church. The bishop sits on a dias while the local congregation gathers around to hear why he has come. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and holding bags of snakes. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a bishop visiting a parish church. The bishop sits on a dias while the local congregation gathers around to hear why he has come. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and holding bags of snakes. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a bishop leading the proceedings of a synod or council gathering. The bishop stands before an altar, leading the gathered, kneeling priests in prayer. The scene is flanked by decorative scrollwork featuring pelicans and snails. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a bishop leading the proceedings of a synod or council gathering. The bishop stands before an altar, leading the gathered, kneeling priests in prayer. The scene is flanked by decorative scrollwork featuring pelicans and snails. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a synod gathering. A bishop sits in the center of a group of priests as an archdeacon reads prom the pulpit. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and holding bags of snakes. This woodcut is reused several times throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a synod gathering. A bishop sits in the center of a group of priests as an archdeacon reads prom the pulpit. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and holding bags of snakes. This woodcut is reused several times throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a traveling bishop and his retinue. The bishop rides a horse with hands held before him in prayer as attendants ride behind him and walk before him. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a traveling bishop and his retinue. The bishop rides a horse with hands held before him in prayer as attendants ride behind him and walk before him. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

Summary: A brief biography of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther.

Summary: A brief biography of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther.

A woodcut depicting a monk having been raised to the rank of abbot. The new abbot sits across from the bishop wearing his new vestments and cope, and is examined. The scene is flanked by decorative scroll work featuring cherubs. This woodcut is reused all throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a monk having been raised to the rank of abbot. The new abbot sits across from the bishop wearing his new vestments and cope, and is examined. The scene is flanked by decorative scroll work featuring cherubs. This woodcut is reused all throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the bestowal of the pallium upon a new bishop. The bishop kneels before the presiding bishop who drapes the pallium over his chasuble. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling atop helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the bestowal of the pallium upon a new bishop. The bishop kneels before the presiding bishop who drapes the pallium over his chasuble. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling atop helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: A brief biography of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther.

Summary: A brief biography of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther.

A woodcut depicting a monstrous fish purportedly pulled from the sea in Poland, which had the appearance of a Roman Catholic bishop.

A woodcut depicting a monstrous fish purportedly pulled from the sea in Poland, which had the appearance of a Roman Catholic bishop.

Summary:

Summary:

A woodcut of a heavily decorated bishop's mitre accompanied by a poem, "The Daughter of Myst'ry, the child of Errour, / Mother of Tyranny, of Wars, of Terrour, / The Idol of Reproach, Rocke of offence / To Iew and Gentile, Source of Indulgence / For all Impieties, and th'usurping Crest / 'Bove Diademes, the State, the Churches Pest / Is now discov'red, and all the world awake, / Makes proud Rome, and th'opprobrious Myter shake."

A woodcut of a heavily decorated bishop's mitre accompanied by a poem, "The Daughter of Myst'ry, the child of Errour, / Mother of Tyranny, of Wars, of Terrour, / The Idol of Reproach, Rocke of offence / To Iew and Gentile, Source of Indulgence / For all Impieties, and th'usurping Crest / 'Bove Diademes, the State, the Churches Pest / Is now discov'red, and all the world awake, / Makes proud Rome, and th'opprobrious Myter shake."

A series of six engravings depicting the process for blessing a new church as it is built. The scenes include a bishop blessing the first stone (top left) and the earth on which the church will be built (top right), a bishop then placing the first stone (middle left) and blessing the church foundation (middle right), a bishop sprinkling holy water on the completed church (bottom left) and making the sign of the cross at the door (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting the process for blessing a new church as it is built. The scenes include a bishop blessing the first stone (top left) and the earth on which the church will be built (top right), a bishop then placing the first stone (middle left) and blessing the church foundation (middle right), a bishop sprinkling holy water on the completed church (bottom left) and making the sign of the cross at the door (bottom right).

A woodcut depicting a bishop blessing a new cross on a church altar. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a bishop blessing a new cross on a church altar. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king kneels before a bishop who annoints his hands and arms with the oil of catechumens. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helments. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king kneels before a bishop who annoints his hands and arms with the oil of catechumens. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helments. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king, in armor, kneels before the presiding bishop and lays his hands upon a book of the Gospels as four other bishops watch. The scene is flanked by oranmental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king, in armor, kneels before the presiding bishop and lays his hands upon a book of the Gospels as four other bishops watch. The scene is flanked by oranmental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The woodcut depicts the king kneeling before the bishop with head bowed as the bishop reaches out to place a crown upon the king's head. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The woodcut depicts the king kneeling before the bishop with head bowed as the bishop reaches out to place a crown upon the king's head. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king kneels prostrate before the altar while a bishop kneels beside him. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king kneels prostrate before the altar while a bishop kneels beside him. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king, draped in a robe, kneels before a bishop who hands him a sword from the altar. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing on eagles and holding bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king, draped in a robe, kneels before a bishop who hands him a sword from the altar. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing on eagles and holding bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king kneels before the bishop who slides the previously presented sword into the scabbard worn by the king. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a king. The king kneels before the bishop who slides the previously presented sword into the scabbard worn by the king. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a queen. The queen kneels before a bishop who annoints her hands and arms with the oil of catechumens. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a queen. The queen kneels before a bishop who annoints her hands and arms with the oil of catechumens. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a queen. The queen kneels before the bishop who reaches out to place a crown on her head. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a queen. The queen kneels before the bishop who reaches out to place a crown on her head. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a queen. The queen kneels behind the king who petitions the bishop to bless and crown her. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a queen. The queen kneels behind the king who petitions the bishop to bless and crown her. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a queen. The queen kneels before a bishop who is reciting a litany from a book of the Gospels held by an attendant. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing and coronation of a queen. The queen kneels before a bishop who is reciting a litany from a book of the Gospels held by an attendant. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the pope blessing travelers. The pope sits upon a horse, attendants holding a canopy above him, and holds his hand out to bless a trio of travelers while three bishops on horses watch. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the pope blessing travelers. The pope sits upon a horse, attendants holding a canopy above him, and holds his hand out to bless a trio of travelers while three bishops on horses watch. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing of a soldier or knight. The armored soldier or knight kneels before a bishop, holding his sword before him as the bishop takes hold of the hilt. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing on eagles and holding bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing of a soldier or knight. The armored soldier or knight kneels before a bishop, holding his sword before him as the bishop takes hold of the hilt. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing on eagles and holding bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing of a tabernacle for the Eucharist. A bishop raises a hand in blessing as the tabernacle sits upon an altar. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing of a tabernacle for the Eucharist. A bishop raises a hand in blessing as the tabernacle sits upon an altar. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing of a military standard. A soldier kneels and holds forward a banner, which a bishop holds to bless. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helments. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing of a military standard. A soldier kneels and holds forward a banner, which a bishop holds to bless. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helments. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A series of six engravings depicting a variety of Catholic blessings, including: blessing of priestly robes (top left), blessing of the cross (top right), adoration of the cross (middle left), blessing of the sun (middle right) blessing of a soldier (bottom left), and blessing of a flag (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting a variety of Catholic blessings, including: blessing of priestly robes (top left), blessing of the cross (top right), adoration of the cross (middle left), blessing of the sun (middle right) blessing of a soldier (bottom left), and blessing of a flag (bottom right).

A pair of engravings depicting the rites of confirmation including the anointment (top) and the laying on of hands (bottom).

A pair of engravings depicting the rites of confirmation including the anointment (top) and the laying on of hands (bottom).

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops, hands held out and annointed with holy oil while a book of the Gospels is held open behind him. The scene is flanked with decorative scroll work featuring pelicans and snails. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops, hands held out and annointed with holy oil while a book of the Gospels is held open behind him. The scene is flanked with decorative scroll work featuring pelicans and snails. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels before the consecrating bishop, wearing a miter and holding a crosier, an altar beside them as the consecrating bishop offers a blessing. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop an eagle and holding bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels before the consecrating bishop, wearing a miter and holding a crosier, an altar beside them as the consecrating bishop offers a blessing. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop an eagle and holding bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops, hands bound with linen as he is offered a book of the gospels. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops, hands bound with linen as he is offered a book of the gospels. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops who lay their hands upon his head as an assistant places a book of the Gospels upon his shoulders. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling atop helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops who lay their hands upon his head as an assistant places a book of the Gospels upon his shoulders. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling atop helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops, holding out two tall candles as a pair of assistants carry in bread and wine for the Mass which concludes the consecration. The scene is flanked by decorative scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops, holding out two tall candles as a pair of assistants carry in bread and wine for the Mass which concludes the consecration. The scene is flanked by decorative scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels prostrate before the altar, while the consecrating bishop and his attendents kneel and recite a litany. The image is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and holding bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a new bishop. The bishop elect kneels prostrate before the altar, while the consecrating bishop and his attendents kneel and recite a litany. The image is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and holding bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops, one of whom marks the bishop elect's forehead with the sign of the cross in holy oil. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring pelicans and snails. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the consecration of a bishop. The bishop elect kneels before a trio of consecrating bishops, one of whom marks the bishop elect's forehead with the sign of the cross in holy oil. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring pelicans and snails. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A series of six engravings depicting the steps of consecration for new items within a church, including a cross, a bell and a statue.

A series of six engravings depicting the steps of consecration for new items within a church, including a cross, a bell and a statue.

A series of six engravings depicting the process of blessing an altar. The scenes include (top left), a bishop following behind a subdeacon spreading ash on the ground writing the Latin and Greek alphabets in a cross shape (top left), a bishop anointing the altar (middle left) and the floor (middle right) with holy water, a procession bringng relics into the church (bottom left), and a bishop placing the relics inside the altar (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting the process of blessing an altar. The scenes include (top left), a bishop following behind a subdeacon spreading ash on the ground writing the Latin and Greek alphabets in a cross shape (top left), a bishop anointing the altar (middle left) and the floor (middle right) with holy water, a procession bringng relics into the church (bottom left), and a bishop placing the relics inside the altar (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting the process of consecrating the interior of a church with holy oil. The scenes show a bishop anointing and consecrating parts of a church, known as chrism, including crosses on the walls, the trappings of the altar, and the altar itself.

A series of six engravings depicting the process of consecrating the interior of a church with holy oil. The scenes show a bishop anointing and consecrating parts of a church, known as chrism, including crosses on the walls, the trappings of the altar, and the altar itself.

A set of three woodcuts depicting the coronation of a new pope (top), the proper method for the pope to travel, under a canopy with the bishops before him (center), and a scene of the pope blessing travelers (bottom). Each scene is flanked by a different pair of cherubs.

A set of three woodcuts depicting the coronation of a new pope (top), the proper method for the pope to travel, under a canopy with the bishops before him (center), and a scene of the pope blessing travelers (bottom). Each scene is flanked by a different pair of cherubs.

A woodcut depicting the coronation of a new pope. The pope sits on a dias as the papal crown is placed on his head and cardinals and bishops stand and watch. The scene is flanked by decorative scroll work featuring masks. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the coronation of a new pope. The pope sits on a dias as the papal crown is placed on his head and cardinals and bishops stand and watch. The scene is flanked by decorative scroll work featuring masks. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: The Donation of Constantine was a work that told of how the Emperor Constantine I gave secular domination over Italy to the Bishops of Rome. Although purported to have been written in the fourth century, the humanist scholar Lorenzo Valla proved the work, long suspect to be an eighth century forgery. Vall's treatise was one of the first important works of comparative philology, a method invaluable to later biblical scholars and translators.

Summary: The Donation of Constantine was a work that told of how the Emperor Constantine I gave secular domination over Italy to the Bishops of Rome. Although purported to have been written in the fourth century, the humanist scholar Lorenzo Valla proved the work, long suspect to be an eighth century forgery. Vall's treatise was one of the first important works of comparative philology, a method invaluable to later biblical scholars and translators.

A woodcut depicting the dedication or consecration of a church. A bishop follows a procession of preists bearing a container of relics draped in ornate fabric to be placed inside the altar. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the dedication or consecration of a church. A bishop follows a procession of preists bearing a container of relics draped in ornate fabric to be placed inside the altar. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and bags of snakes. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the dedication or consecration of a church. A bishop, aided by assistants, sprinkles holy water across an altar to bless it, using a hyssop branch. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the dedication or consecration of a church. A bishop, aided by assistants, sprinkles holy water across an altar to bless it, using a hyssop branch. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the dedication or consecration of a church. A bishop, aided by assistants, swings a censer across an altar, consecrating it with incense. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the dedication or consecration of a church. A bishop, aided by assistants, swings a censer across an altar, consecrating it with incense. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

An envelope addressed to Robert Paine in Aberdeen, Mississippi, from James O. Andrew.

An envelope addressed to Robert Paine in Aberdeen, Mississippi, from James O. Andrew.

An envelope addressed to Robert Paine from John Early, postmarked from Washington, D. C. on May, 25, 1860.

An envelope addressed to Robert Paine from John Early, postmarked from Washington, D. C. on May, 25, 1860.

An envelope addressed to Robert Paine in Aberdeen, Mississippi, from an unknown sender, postmarked December 6th at Camden. Possibly the envelope to the letter sent by H. H. Kavanaugh to Paine from Camden, Arkansas, dated December 4th, 1854.

An envelope addressed to Robert Paine in Aberdeen, Mississippi, from an unknown sender, postmarked December 6th at Camden. Possibly the envelope to the letter sent by H. H. Kavanaugh to Paine from Camden, Arkansas, dated December 4th, 1854.

An envelope addressed to Robert Paine in Aberdeen, Mississippi, from George F. Pierce, stamped June 25th in Sparta, Georgia.

An envelope addressed to Robert Paine in Aberdeen, Mississippi, from George F. Pierce, stamped June 25th in Sparta, Georgia.

A woodcut depicting the rite of excommunication. The bishop sits surrounded by twelve priests in a public place, each with a lit candle in his hand, as he pronounces the anathema against the one to be excommunicated, after which all strike out their candles against the ground. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the rite of excommunication. The bishop sits surrounded by twelve priests in a public place, each with a lit candle in his hand, as he pronounces the anathema against the one to be excommunicated, after which all strike out their candles against the ground. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A set of six engravings depicting various examples of separation and reconciliation in the Catholic Church. The upper engravings show the degradation and restoration of a bishop. The middle engravings show the extinguishing of a candle, symbolizing excommunication, and the restoration of the excommunicated person to the church . The lower engravings show a heretic seeking reconciliation and being led to the altar by a bishop.

A set of six engravings depicting various examples of separation and reconciliation in the Catholic Church. The upper engravings show the degradation and restoration of a bishop. The middle engravings show the extinguishing of a candle, symbolizing excommunication, and the restoration of the excommunicated person to the church . The lower engravings show a heretic seeking reconciliation and being led to the altar by a bishop.

A letter from George Whitefield to Bishop Martin Benson in response to his implication of Whitefield preaching with "insincerity" and going back on promises made upon ordination.

A letter from George Whitefield to Bishop Martin Benson in response to his implication of Whitefield preaching with "insincerity" and going back on promises made upon ordination.

An engraving depicting a number of Waldensians and Albigenses, called "Publicans," being burned. The image shows a bound man being pushed into a bonfire, where several others have already been thrown, as a bishop and priest watch.

An engraving depicting a number of Waldensians and Albigenses, called "Publicans," being burned. The image shows a bound man being pushed into a bonfire, where several others have already been thrown, as a bishop and priest watch.

An engraving depicting the execution of William White, a preacher and accused heretic. The image shows william standing before the stake he is to be burned at, while a bishop oversees the proceedings.

An engraving depicting the execution of William White, a preacher and accused heretic. The image shows william standing before the stake he is to be burned at, while a bishop oversees the proceedings.

A woodcut border and central illustration on the title page toLuther's Disputatio domini Johannis Eccij et P. Martini Luther in Studio Lipsiensi futura printed in 1519. The border is composed of four separate decorative woodcuts: the left and top ones featuring plants and flowers, the right one depicting a stick with a ribbon coiled around it and stars in the background, and the bottom one depicting a monkey amidst floral ornaments. At the center of the page is a separate woodcut depicting John the Baptist carrying the Lamb of God.

A woodcut border and central illustration on the title page toLuther's Disputatio domini Johannis Eccij et P. Martini Luther in Studio Lipsiensi futura printed in 1519. The border is composed of four separate decorative woodcuts: the left and top ones featuring plants and flowers, the right one depicting a stick with a ribbon coiled around it and stars in the background, and the bottom one depicting a monkey amidst floral ornaments. At the center of the page is a separate woodcut depicting John the Baptist carrying the Lamb of God.

A woodcut border and central illustration on the title page to Luther's Disputatio et excusatio printed in 1519. The border is composed of four separate decorative woodcuts: the left and top ones featuring plants and flowers, the right one depicting a stick with a ribbon coiled around it and stars in the background, and the bottom one depicting a monkey amidst floral ornaments. At the center of the page is a separate woodcut depicting a bishop, carrying a staff and book.

A woodcut border and central illustration on the title page to Luther's Disputatio et excusatio printed in 1519. The border is composed of four separate decorative woodcuts: the left and top ones featuring plants and flowers, the right one depicting a stick with a ribbon coiled around it and stars in the background, and the bottom one depicting a monkey amidst floral ornaments. At the center of the page is a separate woodcut depicting a bishop, carrying a staff and book.

A woodcut depicting the celebration of Holy Saturday. A bishop presides as a deacon lights one candle from three and sings, “Lumen Christi” (“the light of Christ”), to which all reply,”Deo gratis” (“thanks be to God”). The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the celebration of Holy Saturday. A bishop presides as a deacon lights one candle from three and sings, “Lumen Christi” (“the light of Christ”), to which all reply,”Deo gratis” (“thanks be to God”). The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling on helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

An engraving depicting a portrait of Cardinal Jean Allarment de Brogny hanging from a tree, a pair of shoes hanging from the bottom of the frame, and a schene of a pair of monks speaking with a farmer in the background.

An engraving depicting a portrait of Cardinal Jean Allarment de Brogny hanging from a tree, a pair of shoes hanging from the bottom of the frame, and a schene of a pair of monks speaking with a farmer in the background.

The title page of Histoire du concile de Constance : tirée principalement d'auteurs qui ont assisté au concile with a decorative engraving depicting the council in session.

The title page of Histoire du concile de Constance : tirée principalement d'auteurs qui ont assisté au concile with a decorative engraving depicting the council in session.

A note from Robert Paine to Thomas Stringfield directing Stringfield to preach in Shelbyville and Murfreesboro before attending the Quarterly Meeting, requesting that he manage Paine's Black class in Shelbyville, directing him to collect (but not read) any correspondence directed to Paine, providing directions for accounting for and selling an order of books, and requesting that Stringfield arrange for some of Paine's clothes to be sent to him.

A note from Robert Paine to Thomas Stringfield directing Stringfield to preach in Shelbyville and Murfreesboro before attending the Quarterly Meeting, requesting that he manage Paine's Black class in Shelbyville, directing him to collect (but not read) any correspondence directed to Paine, providing directions for accounting for and selling an order of books, and requesting that Stringfield arrange for some of Paine's clothes to be sent to him.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary:

Summary:

A woodcut depicting the rite of laying on of hands. The bishop places his hands on the head of the ordainee, who kneels before him, holding vestments folded over his arms. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling atop helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the rite of laying on of hands. The bishop places his hands on the head of the ordainee, who kneels before him, holding vestments folded over his arms. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling atop helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

Print shows a Haitian military officer, holding a printed copy of the Constitution of 1801, standing opposite a bishop appealing to an image of God or Moses in the heavens, with other Haitians and soldiers gathered around. Includes remarque: Liberté, Egalite, République d'Haïty, showing two cannons, a liberty cap atop a pole, banners, and olive branches.

Print shows a Haitian military officer, holding a printed copy of the Constitution of 1801, standing opposite a bishop appealing to an image of God or Moses in the heavens, with other Haitians and soldiers gathered around. Includes remarque: Liberté, Egalite, République d'Haïty, showing two cannons, a liberty cap atop a pole, banners, and olive branches.

An engraving depicting the coronation of a king, as overseen by a bishop within a cathedral.

An engraving depicting the coronation of a king, as overseen by a bishop within a cathedral.

A letter from D. R. McAnally to Robert Paine discussing the establishment of two new congregations, asking Paine's advice on how to proceed with the establishment of a Sunday School focused on the German population in the city, and reporting on the progress of his work in St. Louis, mentioning brewing conflict in the Kentucky (Louisville) Conference.

A letter from D. R. McAnally to Robert Paine discussing the establishment of two new congregations, asking Paine's advice on how to proceed with the establishment of a Sunday School focused on the German population in the city, and reporting on the progress of his work in St. Louis, mentioning brewing conflict in the Kentucky (Louisville) Conference.

A letter from D. S. Doggett to Robert Paine reporting on his and Bishop Pierce's attendance at the Baltimore Conference, their interactions with Northern Methodists there, and mentioning that he will be traveling to the district conferences in Tennessee and Alabama shortly.

A letter from D. S. Doggett to Robert Paine reporting on his and Bishop Pierce's attendance at the Baltimore Conference, their interactions with Northern Methodists there, and mentioning that he will be traveling to the district conferences in Tennessee and Alabama shortly.

A letter from D. S. Doggett to Robert Paine asking for suggestions on the topic of the upcoming Episcopal Address, requesting clarification on a number of matters to be recommended in the address, and sending well wishes to Paine's family.

A letter from D. S. Doggett to Robert Paine asking for suggestions on the topic of the upcoming Episcopal Address, requesting clarification on a number of matters to be recommended in the address, and sending well wishes to Paine's family.

A letter from D. S. Doggett to Robert Paine asking for his thoughts on the case of Richard Smiley who is under investigation with the possibility of suspension from the conference, discussing Doggett's decision to temporarily replace Smiley with another preacher (Starr), asking if Paine might send another man to assist, and speaking to the uncertain position of Virginia in regards to the formation of the Confederacy and withdrawal from the Union.

A letter from D. S. Doggett to Robert Paine asking for his thoughts on the case of Richard Smiley who is under investigation with the possibility of suspension from the conference, discussing Doggett's decision to temporarily replace Smiley with another preacher (Starr), asking if Paine might send another man to assist, and speaking to the uncertain position of Virginia in regards to the formation of the Confederacy and withdrawal from the Union.

A letter from E. Stevenson and J. W. Coleman to Robert Paine on behalf of the Missionary Board informing him of the financial appropriations made for his department and specifying that this appropriation includes the Arkansas Conference and funds for the Cherokee Orphan School.

A letter from E. Stevenson and J. W. Coleman to Robert Paine on behalf of the Missionary Board informing him of the financial appropriations made for his department and specifying that this appropriation includes the Arkansas Conference and funds for the Cherokee Orphan School.

A letter from Edmund W. Sehon to Robert Paine providing an update on his health, reporting that the Board of Missions has approved two of Paine's candidates to travel to California, explaining why the Board of Missions did not approve another two of Paine's candidates for California, and sharing his intentions to attend a number of conferences later in the year.

A letter from Edmund W. Sehon to Robert Paine providing an update on his health, reporting that the Board of Missions has approved two of Paine's candidates to travel to California, explaining why the Board of Missions did not approve another two of Paine's candidates for California, and sharing his intentions to attend a number of conferences later in the year.

A letter from Edmund W. Sehon to Robert Paine discussing financial appropriations and the provision of preachers for the California Mission.

A letter from Edmund W. Sehon to Robert Paine discussing financial appropriations and the provision of preachers for the California Mission.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine giving an update on Pierce's health, promising to look for candidates to send on a Japanese mission, and discussing the need for more preachers in the Pacific Conference.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine giving an update on Pierce's health, promising to look for candidates to send on a Japanese mission, and discussing the need for more preachers in the Pacific Conference.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine noting that he had assumed Paine would manage Aberdeen and that district, and confirming Paine's decision to assign the district to William (last name not noted) and Aberdeen to Pierce.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine noting that he had assumed Paine would manage Aberdeen and that district, and confirming Paine's decision to assign the district to William (last name not noted) and Aberdeen to Pierce.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine confirming that he will preside at the Georgia and Florida Conferences while Paine will take the Mississippi and Louisiana Conferences, and mentioning that the Georgia Conference has been relocated to Savannah on account of the number of soldiers occupying Atlanta.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine confirming that he will preside at the Georgia and Florida Conferences while Paine will take the Mississippi and Louisiana Conferences, and mentioning that the Georgia Conference has been relocated to Savannah on account of the number of soldiers occupying Atlanta.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine discussing the trial of a man named Deems, advising Paine not to directly respond to a letter sent by one of the parties concerned with the Deems trial, reporting on the success of the church in Georgia, and asking that Paine raise money in his Conferences to support a number of missionaries going to San Francisco.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine discussing the trial of a man named Deems, advising Paine not to directly respond to a letter sent by one of the parties concerned with the Deems trial, reporting on the success of the church in Georgia, and asking that Paine raise money in his Conferences to support a number of missionaries going to San Francisco.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine reporting on the work being done in California and along the Pacific Coast, demanding the transfer of several preachers to the Pacific Conference to improve their numbers and strengthen what hold they have, discussing the challenges he faces with Orceneth Fisher in Oregon, and asking for Paine's support when requesting more preachers to help fill the gap between the Rio Grande Conference and the Pacific Conference.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine reporting on the work being done in California and along the Pacific Coast, demanding the transfer of several preachers to the Pacific Conference to improve their numbers and strengthen what hold they have, discussing the challenges he faces with Orceneth Fisher in Oregon, and asking for Paine's support when requesting more preachers to help fill the gap between the Rio Grande Conference and the Pacific Conference.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine recommending Clarence M. Verdel for a tutorship, asking for suggestions on a speech Pierce is preparing on the spiritual culture of the church for the General Conference, and reporting on Pierce's father's health.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine recommending Clarence M. Verdel for a tutorship, asking for suggestions on a speech Pierce is preparing on the spiritual culture of the church for the General Conference, and reporting on Pierce's father's health.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine asking about when to implement a new rule regarding ordination which would limit who qualified, particularly in light of the need for preachers.

A letter from George F. Pierce to Robert Paine asking about when to implement a new rule regarding ordination which would limit who qualified, particularly in light of the need for preachers.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine reporting on his experiences of the Conferences he has attended, mentioning that the St. Louis Conference had some turmoil, discussing a draft made by D. W. Lewis and how he handled the matter, suggesting the bishops divide their work for the coming year at the April meeting, , proposing Paine call a meeting of the Bishops, requesting the transfer of a preacher to assist the Indian Mission Conference, discussing his concerns over the missionary funds and the support of the Indian Mission Conference in the coming year.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine reporting on his experiences of the Conferences he has attended, mentioning that the St. Louis Conference had some turmoil, discussing a draft made by D. W. Lewis and how he handled the matter, suggesting the bishops divide their work for the coming year at the April meeting, , proposing Paine call a meeting of the Bishops, requesting the transfer of a preacher to assist the Indian Mission Conference, discussing his concerns over the missionary funds and the support of the Indian Mission Conference in the coming year.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine expressing his condolences for the hardships Paine suffered during his ongoing Conference tour, and explaining that he will be unable to attend the Mississippi Conference on account of his health but will endeavor to attend the rest on his list.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine expressing his condolences for the hardships Paine suffered during his ongoing Conference tour, and explaining that he will be unable to attend the Mississippi Conference on account of his health but will endeavor to attend the rest on his list.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine reporting on the success of the Louisiana Conference, mentioning a transfer of a preacher to the Louisville Conference, asking about the appointments for the Alabama Conference, and sharing his plans for travelling to California via Panama.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine reporting on the success of the Louisiana Conference, mentioning a transfer of a preacher to the Louisville Conference, asking about the appointments for the Alabama Conference, and sharing his plans for travelling to California via Panama.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine providing an update on his slowly improving health, encouraging Paine to answer the request for a sermon to be published, and making a vague reference to a colleague from Virginia visiting Kentucky (possibly D. S. Doggett).

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine providing an update on his slowly improving health, encouraging Paine to answer the request for a sermon to be published, and making a vague reference to a colleague from Virginia visiting Kentucky (possibly D. S. Doggett).

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine responding to Paine's suggestion that they switch the districts which they oversee, discussing his and his wife's health, and explaining how best to ensure any letters Paine writes make it to him via Nashville.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine responding to Paine's suggestion that they switch the districts which they oversee, discussing his and his wife's health, and explaining how best to ensure any letters Paine writes make it to him via Nashville.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine offering what assistance he can give as Paine writes the biography of the late Bishop McKendree and requesting the transfer of a preacher to the St. Louis Conference.

A letter from H. H. Kavanaugh to Robert Paine offering what assistance he can give as Paine writes the biography of the late Bishop McKendree and requesting the transfer of a preacher to the St. Louis Conference.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine requesting the transfer of a preacher to the East Texas Conference from the Louisiana Conference.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine requesting the transfer of a preacher to the East Texas Conference from the Louisiana Conference.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine asking for some of Paine's personal details so that McTyeire can submit a full and accurate entry for inclusion in the New American Encyclopedia, and reporting on the departure of missionaries from New York.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine asking for some of Paine's personal details so that McTyeire can submit a full and accurate entry for inclusion in the New American Encyclopedia, and reporting on the departure of missionaries from New York.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine discussing actions he has taken after of the death of Bishop Enoch Mather Marvin to address concerns in Marvin's former Episcopal district, asking if Paine would like McTyeire to manage Marvin's districts until May, and sharing that there seems to be some unrest brewing in the St. Louis Conference following Marvin's death.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine discussing actions he has taken after of the death of Bishop Enoch Mather Marvin to address concerns in Marvin's former Episcopal district, asking if Paine would like McTyeire to manage Marvin's districts until May, and sharing that there seems to be some unrest brewing in the St. Louis Conference following Marvin's death.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine asking for Paine to write a piece for the New Orleans branch of the Christian Advocate, and reporting on the work of building churches and relocating congregations around the city.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine asking for Paine to write a piece for the New Orleans branch of the Christian Advocate, and reporting on the work of building churches and relocating congregations around the city.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine reporting that Brother Blythe has set out for California and explaining the situation which led to McTyeire deciding not to send Brother Petway along with Blythe.

A letter from Holland Nimmons McTyeire to Robert Paine reporting that Brother Blythe has set out for California and explaining the situation which led to McTyeire deciding not to send Brother Petway along with Blythe.

A letter from Isaac Ebbert, Jesse Sutton, and Samuel W. Cope to Robert Paine requesting the appointment of Reverend N. M. Barryman to their district as their precious preacher has been called away. Following this request is a note from Joshua Soule, who forwarded the letter to Paine, discussing his health and the recent discussions surrounding a publication by Dr. Discon.

A letter from Isaac Ebbert, Jesse Sutton, and Samuel W. Cope to Robert Paine requesting the appointment of Reverend N. M. Barryman to their district as their precious preacher has been called away. Following this request is a note from Joshua Soule, who forwarded the letter to Paine, discussing his health and the recent discussions surrounding a publication by Dr. Discon.

A letter from James A. Duncan to Robert Paine conveying in his role as "fraternal Messenger" the response of the Methodist Episcopal Church regarding the appointment of commissioners, specifying from whom and to whom he has received and conveyed the response in addition to Paine, and asking for Paine's pardon if he has delivered the message to anyone in error.

A letter from James A. Duncan to Robert Paine conveying in his role as "fraternal Messenger" the response of the Methodist Episcopal Church regarding the appointment of commissioners, specifying from whom and to whom he has received and conveyed the response in addition to Paine, and asking for Paine's pardon if he has delivered the message to anyone in error.

A letter from James O. Andrew to Robert Paine sharing that life in Oxford is not much changed, informing Paine that he has heard nothing from Bishops Soule and Caper and will likely send just one man to California, expressing his opinion that Paine should return to Nashville or some other conference, discussing his thoughts on the decline of quality publications, and sharing news of the locals.

A letter from James O. Andrew to Robert Paine sharing that life in Oxford is not much changed, informing Paine that he has heard nothing from Bishops Soule and Caper and will likely send just one man to California, expressing his opinion that Paine should return to Nashville or some other conference, discussing his thoughts on the decline of quality publications, and sharing news of the locals.

A letter from James O. Andrew to Robert Paine asking that Paine write and give him news, asking to be remembered to the family of the late Brother Sanders, and asking for Paine's assistance in preparing for the winter's preaching.

A letter from James O. Andrew to Robert Paine asking that Paine write and give him news, asking to be remembered to the family of the late Brother Sanders, and asking for Paine's assistance in preparing for the winter's preaching.

A letter from James O. Andrew to Robert Paine urging him to recover swiftly from an illness, attesting to his nephew's suitability to the assignment Paine has given him, and informing Paine that his nephew will bring him his allotted dividends from the conferences.

A letter from James O. Andrew to Robert Paine urging him to recover swiftly from an illness, attesting to his nephew's suitability to the assignment Paine has given him, and informing Paine that his nephew will bring him his allotted dividends from the conferences.

A letter from James O. Andrew to Robert Paine sharing news of the spread of cholera in New Orleans and nearby areas, commending the choice of preacher to be sent to California on mission, offering a few additional names for consideration, mentioning that Bishop Caper had written to him about changing routes with Paine, and giving an update on his and his wife's health.

A letter from James O. Andrew to Robert Paine sharing news of the spread of cholera in New Orleans and nearby areas, commending the choice of preacher to be sent to California on mission, offering a few additional names for consideration, mentioning that Bishop Caper had written to him about changing routes with Paine, and giving an update on his and his wife's health.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine discussing preparations, mainly the collection of funds and materials, for the planned mission to California.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine discussing preparations, mainly the collection of funds and materials, for the planned mission to California.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine thanking Paine for considering him for the position on the California Mission, tentatively accepting the appointment but asking for several more weeks to consider the offer before answering firmly, reviewing his qualifications for the role, and noting that he has contacted another possible candidate to join the mission.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine thanking Paine for considering him for the position on the California Mission, tentatively accepting the appointment but asking for several more weeks to consider the offer before answering firmly, reviewing his qualifications for the role, and noting that he has contacted another possible candidate to join the mission.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine recommending his estimates on the financial needs for the first year of the California mission and requesting Paine write him immediately.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine recommending his estimates on the financial needs for the first year of the California mission and requesting Paine write him immediately.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine updating him on the California-bound missionaries' plans to travel on to New Orleans and providing an informal report (with the promise of a formal one forthcoming) of the collections they've made in support of the mission.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine updating him on the California-bound missionaries' plans to travel on to New Orleans and providing an informal report (with the promise of a formal one forthcoming) of the collections they've made in support of the mission.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine reporting on the planned departure of the missionaries aboard a steamship and including an itemized report of the mission finances.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine reporting on the planned departure of the missionaries aboard a steamship and including an itemized report of the mission finances.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine mentioning his recovery from a grave illness, expressing his concerns over the apparent disregard for the California Mission as reflected in the reports from the Annual Conference, vehemently pleading the case of the mission and outlining the challenges they face in supplying literature and service to their congregations, requesting an allotment of books be sent, reporting on the work of the mission, observing that there is ample opportunity to extend missionary work (via Southern California) to Mexico, noting the success of Catholic missions,

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine mentioning his recovery from a grave illness, expressing his concerns over the apparent disregard for the California Mission as reflected in the reports from the Annual Conference, vehemently pleading the case of the mission and outlining the challenges they face in supplying literature and service to their congregations, requesting an allotment of books be sent, reporting on the work of the mission, observing that there is ample opportunity to extend missionary work (via Southern California) to Mexico, noting the success of Catholic missions,

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine expressing his relief that the misunderstandings of their previous correspondence have been cleared, apologizing for any possible missteps on Boring's part, clarifying his request for more experienced preachers, expressing his opinion that certain complaints lodged against him were made in an effort to redirect attention away from the one filing the complaint, reporting on the work of the mission, and requesting Paine come to the following year's conference in California.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine expressing his relief that the misunderstandings of their previous correspondence have been cleared, apologizing for any possible missteps on Boring's part, clarifying his request for more experienced preachers, expressing his opinion that certain complaints lodged against him were made in an effort to redirect attention away from the one filing the complaint, reporting on the work of the mission, and requesting Paine come to the following year's conference in California.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine giving an update on the mission and requesting additional missionaries be sent to support the mission, discussing the presence of Northern Methodist missionaries, and addressing published comments made in regards to Boring's management of the mission's finances.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine giving an update on the mission and requesting additional missionaries be sent to support the mission, discussing the presence of Northern Methodist missionaries, and addressing published comments made in regards to Boring's management of the mission's finances.

An incomplete letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine expressing his dismay over his treatment by the Board of Managers and Secretaries in regards to his handling of the mission finances, detailing the struggles the missionaries and their families have had to endure only to be so poorly treated by the church itself, expressing his concern that the delay in sending monetary aid is too late to make up the lost ground, announcing his intention to no longer personally draw on the missionary funds so that more of the money may be spent to support additional missionaries, assuring Paine of his

An incomplete letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine expressing his dismay over his treatment by the Board of Managers and Secretaries in regards to his handling of the mission finances, detailing the struggles the missionaries and their families have had to endure only to be so poorly treated by the church itself, expressing his concern that the delay in sending monetary aid is too late to make up the lost ground, announcing his intention to no longer personally draw on the missionary funds so that more of the money may be spent to support additional missionaries, assuring Paine of his

An incomplete letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine repeating his request for additional missionaries to be sent to California, reporting on the various regions the mission is attempting to extend into, mentioning his concerns about losing membership to the Northern Methodists, and requesting permission to organize a local Conference in April of 1851.

An incomplete letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine repeating his request for additional missionaries to be sent to California, reporting on the various regions the mission is attempting to extend into, mentioning his concerns about losing membership to the Northern Methodists, and requesting permission to organize a local Conference in April of 1851.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine expressing his regret that he seems to have offended Paine either by his own unintentional actions or by a misrepresentation of his actions by another, explaining his perspective of the events and discussions which he assumes are the cause of Paine's displeasure, expressing that he would rather step down than have Paine step back from his position overseeing the California Mission, reporting on the mission's work, requesting additional missionaries, and asking for a swift response.

A letter from Jesse Boring to Robert Paine expressing his regret that he seems to have offended Paine either by his own unintentional actions or by a misrepresentation of his actions by another, explaining his perspective of the events and discussions which he assumes are the cause of Paine's displeasure, expressing that he would rather step down than have Paine step back from his position overseeing the California Mission, reporting on the mission's work, requesting additional missionaries, and asking for a swift response.

This letter contains harmful and/or objectionable language and perspectives.

This letter contains harmful and/or objectionable language and perspectives.

A letter from John Early to the President and Members of the East Texas Conference reporting on the business of the publishing house, including the securing of distribution arrangements across the country, the implementation of a subscription model to support the work of the publishing house, and requesting a copy of the minutes of any Annual Conferences attended by Robert Paine for publication.

A letter from John Early to the President and Members of the East Texas Conference reporting on the business of the publishing house, including the securing of distribution arrangements across the country, the implementation of a subscription model to support the work of the publishing house, and requesting a copy of the minutes of any Annual Conferences attended by Robert Paine for publication.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine stating that he cannot transfer a Brother Thomas to the Memphis Conference, mentioning that he will pass on Paine's notes on the East Texas and Louisiana Conferences to Bishop Andrew, reporting on his time at the Mississippi Conference, agreeing that the College of Bishops should hold their annual meeting at the same time as the Missionary Board in Nashville, discussing his recent months of travel, and confirming that he has enclosed the Certificate of Location for A. H. Thomas.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine stating that he cannot transfer a Brother Thomas to the Memphis Conference, mentioning that he will pass on Paine's notes on the East Texas and Louisiana Conferences to Bishop Andrew, reporting on his time at the Mississippi Conference, agreeing that the College of Bishops should hold their annual meeting at the same time as the Missionary Board in Nashville, discussing his recent months of travel, and confirming that he has enclosed the Certificate of Location for A. H. Thomas.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine reporting that he is recovering his health, sharing that his son has left after the death of Early's wife, expressing his intention to request that James Temple be transferred to Natchez, asking for an explanation about the transfer of John P. Dickinson and James B. Smith to the Alabama and Florida Conferences respectively, requesting a preacher be found to be transferred to Abingdon in Virginia, and asking after Paine's family and the late Bishop McKendree's wife.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine reporting that he is recovering his health, sharing that his son has left after the death of Early's wife, expressing his intention to request that James Temple be transferred to Natchez, asking for an explanation about the transfer of John P. Dickinson and James B. Smith to the Alabama and Florida Conferences respectively, requesting a preacher be found to be transferred to Abingdon in Virginia, and asking after Paine's family and the late Bishop McKendree's wife.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine discussing the preparation of missionaries for the China Mission, including where to transfer new preachers in the meantime so they can be best prepared for the work.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine discussing the preparation of missionaries for the China Mission, including where to transfer new preachers in the meantime so they can be best prepared for the work.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine describing his injuries and recovery after being in a train accident, sharing that despite his accident he still plans on attending several conferences, and requesting Paine reschedule the Memphis Conference so that Early can attend.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine describing his injuries and recovery after being in a train accident, sharing that despite his accident he still plans on attending several conferences, and requesting Paine reschedule the Memphis Conference so that Early can attend.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine mentioning that his wife and daughter (Elizabeth) are both unwell, discussing his recent travels and future travel plans, making recommendations for possible preachers to assign to the Kansas Mission, discussing the transfer of William Parsons, expressing his concerns about the St. Louis Conference management, and discussing possibilities of sending a Bishop to the Pacific Conference and how to manage that Bishop's conferences while they are gone.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine mentioning that his wife and daughter (Elizabeth) are both unwell, discussing his recent travels and future travel plans, making recommendations for possible preachers to assign to the Kansas Mission, discussing the transfer of William Parsons, expressing his concerns about the St. Louis Conference management, and discussing possibilities of sending a Bishop to the Pacific Conference and how to manage that Bishop's conferences while they are gone.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine discussing his son-in-law's search for an appointment as a paymaster for the Confederate Army under recommendation to Jefferson Davis by a number of other prominent men, requesting that Paine add his recommendation to the list, mentioning the Virginia Convention's hesitance to secede, and sharing that he has heard the Baltimore Conference has voted by large majority to secede.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine discussing his son-in-law's search for an appointment as a paymaster for the Confederate Army under recommendation to Jefferson Davis by a number of other prominent men, requesting that Paine add his recommendation to the list, mentioning the Virginia Convention's hesitance to secede, and sharing that he has heard the Baltimore Conference has voted by large majority to secede.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine confirming that the distribution to Paine from the Bishop Fund of the Virginia Conference was correct, requesting Paine facilitate the disbursement of $500 from the North Carolina Conference Bishop Fund, and providing a brief update on his health.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine confirming that the distribution to Paine from the Bishop Fund of the Virginia Conference was correct, requesting Paine facilitate the disbursement of $500 from the North Carolina Conference Bishop Fund, and providing a brief update on his health.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine offering condolences on Paine's poor health, explaining that it was not safe for him to travel to the last meeting of the College of Bishops in Louisville, sharing that he hopes to attend a meeting of trustees for one of the Methodist colleges, offering to assist Paine in running the Holston Conference, and asking about a missing portion of his salary from the previous year.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine offering condolences on Paine's poor health, explaining that it was not safe for him to travel to the last meeting of the College of Bishops in Louisville, sharing that he hopes to attend a meeting of trustees for one of the Methodist colleges, offering to assist Paine in running the Holston Conference, and asking about a missing portion of his salary from the previous year.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine asking after William Finlay who was recently transferred to the Virginia Conference, sharing his concern about manning the Kansas Missionary Conference in light of the manpower needed in both the Missouri and St. Louis Conferences, making suggestions for how the bishops can cover conference responsibilities if either Bishop Kavanaugh or Pierce travels to California, and asking for Paine's thoughts on the matter.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine asking after William Finlay who was recently transferred to the Virginia Conference, sharing his concern about manning the Kansas Missionary Conference in light of the manpower needed in both the Missouri and St. Louis Conferences, making suggestions for how the bishops can cover conference responsibilities if either Bishop Kavanaugh or Pierce travels to California, and asking for Paine's thoughts on the matter.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine offering his suggestions for shifting preachers within the Virginia Conference, informing Paine that he had transferred a preacher to the Virginia Conferences at the request of Bishop Andrew, commenting on a recent election, and asking for certificates used when preachers from other denominations convert.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine offering his suggestions for shifting preachers within the Virginia Conference, informing Paine that he had transferred a preacher to the Virginia Conferences at the request of Bishop Andrew, commenting on a recent election, and asking for certificates used when preachers from other denominations convert.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine presenting options for arranging their attendance schedules at various conferences, reporting on the Western Virginia, Kentucky, and Louisville Conferences, mentioning that he is preparing certificates for ministers converting from other denominations, and discussing an issue of funding for missionaries to be sent to Central America.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine presenting options for arranging their attendance schedules at various conferences, reporting on the Western Virginia, Kentucky, and Louisville Conferences, mentioning that he is preparing certificates for ministers converting from other denominations, and discussing an issue of funding for missionaries to be sent to Central America.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine reporting on the success of the Western Virginia, Kentucky, and Louisville conferences, discussing issues with James Atkins, and asking Paine to pass along Early's greetings to members of the Holston Conference.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine reporting on the success of the Western Virginia, Kentucky, and Louisville conferences, discussing issues with James Atkins, and asking Paine to pass along Early's greetings to members of the Holston Conference.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine explaining that he was delayed in his travels but plans on continuing to Natchez, asking Paine to send a preacher to a Presiding Elder Field from the Virginia Conference, making suggestions for who to send to Field, suggesting a preacher to sent to Washington City, suggesting Paine advise the preacher being sent to Randolph about his responsibility to the local congregation, and asking about a preacher who was transferred to Virginia.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine explaining that he was delayed in his travels but plans on continuing to Natchez, asking Paine to send a preacher to a Presiding Elder Field from the Virginia Conference, making suggestions for who to send to Field, suggesting a preacher to sent to Washington City, suggesting Paine advise the preacher being sent to Randolph about his responsibility to the local congregation, and asking about a preacher who was transferred to Virginia.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine mentioning that he and his wife travelled to Philadelphia to settle his daughter Bettie (Elizabeth) for medical treatment, sharing his plans to travel to Western Virginia, arguing that it is too expensive to send one of the Bishops to California and that he will discuss the matter with Bishop Andrew, confirming Paine's decisions to transfer two preachers to the St. Louis Conference, recommending that preachers be pulled from the Mississippi and St.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine mentioning that he and his wife travelled to Philadelphia to settle his daughter Bettie (Elizabeth) for medical treatment, sharing his plans to travel to Western Virginia, arguing that it is too expensive to send one of the Bishops to California and that he will discuss the matter with Bishop Andrew, confirming Paine's decisions to transfer two preachers to the St. Louis Conference, recommending that preachers be pulled from the Mississippi and St.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine discussing an issue with Brother Mizell abandoning his assigned district in Tennessee, discussing an issue with Rufus Hefflin departing the North Carolina Conference before a hearing could be held regarding charges against him, mentioning that he does not intend to transfer either of these preachers to Texas, sharing his tentative plans for holding the Tennessee, Holston, and Virginia Conferences, and discussing his disappointment in the conduct of the northern forces.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine discussing an issue with Brother Mizell abandoning his assigned district in Tennessee, discussing an issue with Rufus Hefflin departing the North Carolina Conference before a hearing could be held regarding charges against him, mentioning that he does not intend to transfer either of these preachers to Texas, sharing his tentative plans for holding the Tennessee, Holston, and Virginia Conferences, and discussing his disappointment in the conduct of the northern forces.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine discussing the dangerous state of affairs in Virginia and Tennessee and recommending that they postpone the General Conference until 1863 since a number of conferences will not be able to safely hold their annual meetings due to military action.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine discussing the dangerous state of affairs in Virginia and Tennessee and recommending that they postpone the General Conference until 1863 since a number of conferences will not be able to safely hold their annual meetings due to military action.

This letter contains harmful and/or objectionable language and perspectives.

This letter contains harmful and/or objectionable language and perspectives.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine asking if he had transferred some preachers to the Texan Conferences, requesting he transfer preachers from the Memphis to the Mississippi Conference, asking what occurred at the Tennessee Conference, and requesting clarification on the responsibilities of a book agent.

A letter from John Early to Robert Paine asking if he had transferred some preachers to the Texan Conferences, requesting he transfer preachers from the Memphis to the Mississippi Conference, asking what occurred at the Tennessee Conference, and requesting clarification on the responsibilities of a book agent.

A letter from Joshua Soule to Robert Paine giving an update on his wife's health, sharing that it is unlikely that he will be able to make it to the Tennessee Conference due to health and weather reasons, assuring Paine of his intention to attend the Memphis Conference, asking if Paine would cover Soule's financial obligations at the Tennessee Conference (to be repaid upon Soule's next return to Nashville), confirming he has received the appointments for the Missouri Conference, asking after Bishop Capers' appointments, and mentioning the sudden death of Brother Lanius.

A letter from Joshua Soule to Robert Paine giving an update on his wife's health, sharing that it is unlikely that he will be able to make it to the Tennessee Conference due to health and weather reasons, assuring Paine of his intention to attend the Memphis Conference, asking if Paine would cover Soule's financial obligations at the Tennessee Conference (to be repaid upon Soule's next return to Nashville), confirming he has received the appointments for the Missouri Conference, asking after Bishop Capers' appointments, and mentioning the sudden death of Brother Lanius.

A letter from N. G. Berryman to Robert Paine explaining his perspective of the events leading to his relocation by the Conference, discussing his settling in Auburn and his work there, and asking if Paine could either tell him who is holding his Certificate of Location or send a new copy.

A letter from N. G. Berryman to Robert Paine explaining his perspective of the events leading to his relocation by the Conference, discussing his settling in Auburn and his work there, and asking if Paine could either tell him who is holding his Certificate of Location or send a new copy.

A letter from O. P. Fitzgerald, an editor at the Christian Advocate, to Mary Eliza Paine (née Millwater), offering his condolences on the death of her husband, Bishop Paine, asking if she is in possession of his drafts for the final installment of a series entitled "Notes of Life," and discussing the need to begin work on a biography of Bishop Paine.

A letter from O. P. Fitzgerald, an editor at the Christian Advocate, to Mary Eliza Paine (née Millwater), offering his condolences on the death of her husband, Bishop Paine, asking if she is in possession of his drafts for the final installment of a series entitled "Notes of Life," and discussing the need to begin work on a biography of Bishop Paine.

A letter from R.Y.[?]. Allen to Robert Paine responding to his letter from July 4th, 1849, and detailing his thoughts on how best to set up a series of Methodist circuit preachers in the San Francisco area. Allen suggests sending two to three missionaries to either walk or ride circuits by the bay and by the mountains.

A letter from R.Y.[?]. Allen to Robert Paine responding to his letter from July 4th, 1849, and detailing his thoughts on how best to set up a series of Methodist circuit preachers in the San Francisco area. Allen suggests sending two to three missionaries to either walk or ride circuits by the bay and by the mountains.

A letter from Robert Paine to William M'Kendree sharing the dates of a number of upcoming camp meetings, reporting on the camp meetings Paine has attended so far, and asking that M'Kendree attend if his health allows.

A letter from Robert Paine to William M'Kendree sharing the dates of a number of upcoming camp meetings, reporting on the camp meetings Paine has attended so far, and asking that M'Kendree attend if his health allows.

A letter from Thomas O. Summers to Robert Paine asking about what is to become of the church, specifically the publishing interests of the church, likely in response to the end of the Civil War. On the page where Summers addressed the letter, notes on the suffering of Jesus Christ are written in pencil in another hand.

A letter from Thomas O. Summers to Robert Paine asking about what is to become of the church, specifically the publishing interests of the church, likely in response to the end of the Civil War. On the page where Summers addressed the letter, notes on the suffering of Jesus Christ are written in pencil in another hand.

A letter from W. C. Lewis to Robert Paine outlining the concerns of a number of preachers in the Texas Conference in regards to the actions of Bishop John Early not appointing eligible and capable preachers, and requesting that Paine and Bishop Andrews attend the next session of the Texas Conference to mediate these concerns.

A letter from W. C. Lewis to Robert Paine outlining the concerns of a number of preachers in the Texas Conference in regards to the actions of Bishop John Early not appointing eligible and capable preachers, and requesting that Paine and Bishop Andrews attend the next session of the Texas Conference to mediate these concerns.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine discussing the monetary collections he sent to Joshua Soule, offering his opinion on which of them should attend the Alabama Conference annual meeting, and listing where each of the conferences' annual meetings in the eastern region will be held.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine discussing the monetary collections he sent to Joshua Soule, offering his opinion on which of them should attend the Alabama Conference annual meeting, and listing where each of the conferences' annual meetings in the eastern region will be held.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine thanking him for appointing a replacement for a recently deceased preacher, asking for clarification on changes made to the North and South Georgia Conferences, giving an update on his health, and offering clarifications on his changes to the dates of the Alabama Conference meeting.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine thanking him for appointing a replacement for a recently deceased preacher, asking for clarification on changes made to the North and South Georgia Conferences, giving an update on his health, and offering clarifications on his changes to the dates of the Alabama Conference meeting.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine discussing a financial discrepancy in the division of the Bishops' stipends out of the collections from the various conferences and offering his opinion on the scheduling of the annual conferences of the Texas and East Texas Conferences.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine discussing a financial discrepancy in the division of the Bishops' stipends out of the collections from the various conferences and offering his opinion on the scheduling of the annual conferences of the Texas and East Texas Conferences.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine seeking to confirm that Paine had promised to transfer Richard T. Colburn from the St. Louis Conference to the Memphis Conference. A note from Paine at the bottom of the letter denies that any such promise was made.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine seeking to confirm that Paine had promised to transfer Richard T. Colburn from the St. Louis Conference to the Memphis Conference. A note from Paine at the bottom of the letter denies that any such promise was made.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine proposing arrangements for the rotating assignment of Bishops (Capers, Paine, and Andrew) to oversee the Western, Middle, and Eastern regions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, conferences.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine proposing arrangements for the rotating assignment of Bishops (Capers, Paine, and Andrew) to oversee the Western, Middle, and Eastern regions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, conferences.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine discussing recommendations for sending brother Pollock on to New Orleans, conflict between the Primary Elder and preacher in Boonville, and issues with a preacher named Michells.

A letter from William Capers to Robert Paine discussing recommendations for sending brother Pollock on to New Orleans, conflict between the Primary Elder and preacher in Boonville, and issues with a preacher named Michells.

A letter from William M. Wightman to Robert Paine informing Paine that he has no recommendations for a preacher to send to California, recommending against sending a preacher which Paine had mentioned in a previous letter, and assuring Paine that he will continue to look for suitable candidates for the position.

A letter from William M. Wightman to Robert Paine informing Paine that he has no recommendations for a preacher to send to California, recommending against sending a preacher which Paine had mentioned in a previous letter, and assuring Paine that he will continue to look for suitable candidates for the position.

A letter from William M. Wightman to Robert Paine explaining the amounts and from which banks the money he has enclosed come from, and asking if Paine would make a donation to the Southern Christian Advocate.

A letter from William M. Wightman to Robert Paine explaining the amounts and from which banks the money he has enclosed come from, and asking if Paine would make a donation to the Southern Christian Advocate.

A letter from William M. Wightman to Robert Paine requesting on behalf of the faculty of Southern University that Paine preach the Commencement Sermon.

A letter from William M. Wightman to Robert Paine requesting on behalf of the faculty of Southern University that Paine preach the Commencement Sermon.

A letter from a representative committee from Sehon Chapel to the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, including Robert Paine, requesting the appointment of a new pastor, George W. Smiley, to replace their former pastor, E. W. Sehon, who has been reassigned.

A letter from a representative committee from Sehon Chapel to the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, including Robert Paine, requesting the appointment of a new pastor, George W. Smiley, to replace their former pastor, E. W. Sehon, who has been reassigned.

A series of six engravings depicting scenes in the life of a Roman Catholic bishop, including his blessing of holy oil (top right), a procession of holy oil (top left) , his encouragement of a parish (middle right), his visit to his diocese (middle left), a parishioner kissing his hand (bottom left), and the public display of his body after death (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting scenes in the life of a Roman Catholic bishop, including his blessing of holy oil (top right), a procession of holy oil (top left) , his encouragement of a parish (middle right), his visit to his diocese (middle left), a parishioner kissing his hand (bottom left), and the public display of his body after death (bottom right).

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A letter from Lois to her parents, Donald and Elsie, apologizing for sending her letter late, describing how busy they have been as Christmas approaches, mentioning that they will be going to Holguin for the District Conference and that she would like to do some Christmas shopping there and speak to the Bishop about the clinic, urging them not to be concerned about the clinic finances as they have had many donations and are doing well, describing their plans for the church and clinic for Christmas including putting on a program and destributing small gifts, sharing about their family plans for

A letter from Lois to her parents, Donald and Elsie, apologizing for sending her letter late, describing how busy they have been as Christmas approaches, mentioning that they will be going to Holguin for the District Conference and that she would like to do some Christmas shopping there and speak to the Bishop about the clinic, urging them not to be concerned about the clinic finances as they have had many donations and are doing well, describing their plans for the church and clinic for Christmas including putting on a program and destributing small gifts, sharing about their family plans for

A letter from Lois to her parents, Donald and Elsie, giving them details on ship schedules, telling them about the family's trip to Havana for the conference, including how Steed fared, describing where they stayed at the Student Hostel with Imogene Elswick, sharing details of some of the sessions they attended, providing updates on the various appointment changes, describing some of the shoping and liesure activities they took part in, giving updates on Steed's development, and sharing news of how her pregnancy is going.

A letter from Lois to her parents, Donald and Elsie, giving them details on ship schedules, telling them about the family's trip to Havana for the conference, including how Steed fared, describing where they stayed at the Student Hostel with Imogene Elswick, sharing details of some of the sessions they attended, providing updates on the various appointment changes, describing some of the shoping and liesure activities they took part in, giving updates on Steed's development, and sharing news of how her pregnancy is going.

A letter from Lois to her mother, Elsie, describing the process of reading through all of their delayed mail, discussing how life in Mayari is returning to normal and everyone is taking advantage of being able to travel freely and safely to visit, mentioning that Marta Gomez is back to help in the clinic and with the children once the baby comes, sharing that Morrell wrote to his mother and suggested that she come visit when the baby is born and that if Elsie could come as well that would be welcome, sending her condolences at the news of Bishop Branscomb's death, reporting that the

A letter from Lois to her mother, Elsie, describing the process of reading through all of their delayed mail, discussing how life in Mayari is returning to normal and everyone is taking advantage of being able to travel freely and safely to visit, mentioning that Marta Gomez is back to help in the clinic and with the children once the baby comes, sharing that Morrell wrote to his mother and suggested that she come visit when the baby is born and that if Elsie could come as well that would be welcome, sending her condolences at the news of Bishop Branscomb's death, reporting that the

A woodcut depicting Martin Luther, in the garb of an Augustinian monk, debating a gathering of Catholic clergy members, including the Pope, a cardinal, a bishop, and a monk. This woodcut appears on the title page of a popular anonymous account of Luther's debate before the Diet of Worms in 1521.

A woodcut depicting Martin Luther, in the garb of an Augustinian monk, debating a gathering of Catholic clergy members, including the Pope, a cardinal, a bishop, and a monk. This woodcut appears on the title page of a popular anonymous account of Luther's debate before the Diet of Worms in 1521.

A letter from Bishop Martin Benson to George Whitefield reminding Whitefield of promises made concerning his conduct when Whitefield was ordained by the Bishop.

A letter from Bishop Martin Benson to George Whitefield reminding Whitefield of promises made concerning his conduct when Whitefield was ordained by the Bishop.

A woodcut depicting a bishop ordinating a group of priests. The bishop sits on a riased dias, an attendant beside him, as the men waiting to be ordained kneel before him. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring pelicans and snails. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting a bishop ordinating a group of priests. The bishop sits on a riased dias, an attendant beside him, as the men waiting to be ordained kneel before him. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring pelicans and snails. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the ordination of priests. A bishop sits, flanked by attendatns, holds out a chalice and plate to a kneeling priest. The scene is flanked by a pair of decorative tiles. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the ordination of priests. A bishop sits, flanked by attendatns, holds out a chalice and plate to a kneeling priest. The scene is flanked by a pair of decorative tiles. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the ordination of sub-deacons. A bishop sits on a dias offering a chalice to an ordinee as the bishop's assistants bring forward additional vessels used in the ordination process. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and holding bags of snakes. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the ordination of sub-deacons. A bishop sits on a dias offering a chalice to an ordinee as the bishop's assistants bring forward additional vessels used in the ordination process. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs standing atop eagles and holding bags of snakes. This woodcut is reused throughout the work.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Phocas, the Bishop of Sinope. The image shows Phocas being tossed into a large, boiling bath (left) while a soldier (right) directs an old man's attention to the event. In the background a steaming lime kiln can be seen (right).

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Phocas, the Bishop of Sinope. The image shows Phocas being tossed into a large, boiling bath (left) while a soldier (right) directs an old man's attention to the event. In the background a steaming lime kiln can be seen (right).

A cartes-de-visite photograph of Robert Paine taken in Nashville, Tennessee.

A cartes-de-visite photograph of Robert Paine taken in Nashville, Tennessee.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Polycarp. The image shows Polycarp sitting on a blazing fire with eyes turned towards heaven as a man stabs him with a sword.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Polycarp. The image shows Polycarp sitting on a blazing fire with eyes turned towards heaven as a man stabs him with a sword.

A woodcut depicting the pope, bisops, and cardinals dining at the Lateran Palace. The pope sits at his own table, with cardinals on his right, and bishops on his left. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the pope, bisops, and cardinals dining at the Lateran Palace. The pope sits at his own table, with cardinals on his right, and bishops on his left. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the pope travelling with a retinue of bishops. The pope rides a horse with attendents holding a canopy above his head while four bishops ride before him. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the pope travelling with a retinue of bishops. The pope rides a horse with attendents holding a canopy above his head while four bishops ride before him. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

Summary: The proceedings of the Quarto-Centenial Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of South Carolina which was held in Charleston, South Carolina, on May 15-17, 1889.

Summary: The proceedings of the Quarto-Centenial Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church of South Carolina which was held in Charleston, South Carolina, on May 15-17, 1889.

A woodcut depicting the public expulsion of penitents from the community of the church on Ash Wednesday. The penitents, wearing hair shirts and carrying candles, are led out of the church by a bishop and his retinue. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the public expulsion of penitents from the community of the church on Ash Wednesday. The penitents, wearing hair shirts and carrying candles, are led out of the church by a bishop and his retinue. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs supporting fruit trees. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting funeral rites performed upon the death of a bishop. The body of the deceased bishop is laid on an ornate bier while five presiding bishops stand at each corner of the bier and at the head, offering prayers. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling atop helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting funeral rites performed upon the death of a bishop. The body of the deceased bishop is laid on an ornate bier while five presiding bishops stand at each corner of the bier and at the head, offering prayers. The scene is flanked by a pair of cherubs holding rings and kneeling atop helmets. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Ignatius of Antioch. The image shows Ignatius standing alone in an arena and facing an oncoming lion with open arms as a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Ignatius of Antioch. The image shows Ignatius standing alone in an arena and facing an oncoming lion with open arms as a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting a pair of apostles and a pair of bishops flanking a decorated throne above which sits a radiant dove symbolizing the Holy Spirit. Below the image is the passage, "semper apostolicae cathedrae viguit principatus," (the primacy of the apostolic seat has always flourished) from the Epistle 43 of St. Augustine.

An engraving depicting a pair of apostles and a pair of bishops flanking a decorated throne above which sits a radiant dove symbolizing the Holy Spirit. Below the image is the passage, "semper apostolicae cathedrae viguit principatus," (the primacy of the apostolic seat has always flourished) from the Epistle 43 of St. Augustine.

An illustration of a figure presented as an archbishop, likely St. Peter, holding a city (possibly Bologna).

An illustration of a figure presented as an archbishop, likely St. Peter, holding a city (possibly Bologna).

A woodcut depicting a skeleton dressed as a bishop with a mitre and crosier, and representing death, taking the cloak of an abbot who holds a prayer book. In the tree is an hourglass representing human mortality. The woodcut is accompanied by a verse from Proverbs 5 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A woodcut depicting a skeleton dressed as a bishop with a mitre and crosier, and representing death, taking the cloak of an abbot who holds a prayer book. In the tree is an hourglass representing human mortality. The woodcut is accompanied by a verse from Proverbs 5 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A woodcut depicting a skeleton (= Death) taking a bishop by the hand and leading him from his pasture and flock. The Bishop holds a crosier, while an hourglass rests in the bottom left corner. The woodcut is accompanied by verses from Matthew 26 and Mark 14 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A woodcut depicting a skeleton (= Death) taking a bishop by the hand and leading him from his pasture and flock. The Bishop holds a crosier, while an hourglass rests in the bottom left corner. The woodcut is accompanied by verses from Matthew 26 and Mark 14 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

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Summary: A biography of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther.

Summary: A biography of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther.

An engraving depicting a session of the Council of Trent with the label, "The Representation of the Fathers assembled in the Council of Trent: begun about the end of the year 1545. Concluded towards the end of 1563, under the Pontificate of Paul III, Julius III, Marcel II, Paul IV, and Pius IV. There were XXV Sessions, in which were present VII Cardinals, V whereof were the Popes LEgates, XVI Ambassadours from Kings, Princes & Republicks, CCL Patriarchs, Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots and Generals of Orders, All Divines and Doctours of the Civil and Canon Law."

An engraving depicting a session of the Council of Trent with the label, "The Representation of the Fathers assembled in the Council of Trent: begun about the end of the year 1545. Concluded towards the end of 1563, under the Pontificate of Paul III, Julius III, Marcel II, Paul IV, and Pius IV. There were XXV Sessions, in which were present VII Cardinals, V whereof were the Popes LEgates, XVI Ambassadours from Kings, Princes & Republicks, CCL Patriarchs, Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots and Generals of Orders, All Divines and Doctours of the Civil and Canon Law."

A series of six engravings depicting elements of the process of ordaining nuns. The bishop gives the nuns their rings (top left), the bishop crowns the nuns with wreaths (top right), the reading of the anathema (middle left), nuns present their candles (middle right), the bishop celebrates communion with the nuns (bottom left) and the bishop gives the nuns their breviaries (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting elements of the process of ordaining nuns. The bishop gives the nuns their rings (top left), the bishop crowns the nuns with wreaths (top right), the reading of the anathema (middle left), nuns present their candles (middle right), the bishop celebrates communion with the nuns (bottom left) and the bishop gives the nuns their breviaries (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting elements of the process of ordaining a Roman Catholic bishop, including his presentation (top left), his oath (top right), his bowing before the altar (middle left) anointing (middle right), the anointing of his hands, (bottom left), and the bestowal of his crosier (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting elements of the process of ordaining a Roman Catholic bishop, including his presentation (top left), his oath (top right), his bowing before the altar (middle left) anointing (middle right), the anointing of his hands, (bottom left), and the bestowal of his crosier (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting elements of the process of ordaining a Roman Catholic bishop: including the bestowal of his ring (top left), bestowal of a book of the gospels (top right), presenting the torches, the bread and the wine (middle left), dressing in his miter (middle right), receiving his crosier (bottom left), and dressing in his pallium (lower right).

A series of six engravings depicting elements of the process of ordaining a Roman Catholic bishop: including the bestowal of his ring (top left), bestowal of a book of the gospels (top right), presenting the torches, the bread and the wine (middle left), dressing in his miter (middle right), receiving his crosier (bottom left), and dressing in his pallium (lower right).

A series of six engravings depicting Elements of the processes of ordaining abbots, abbesses, and nuns: the abbot receiving his ecclesiastical habit (top left), the laying on of hands (top right), the abbess receiving her veil (middle left), nuns being consecrated (middle right), blessing the habits of the nuns (bottom left), and nuns receiving their veils (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting Elements of the processes of ordaining abbots, abbesses, and nuns: the abbot receiving his ecclesiastical habit (top left), the laying on of hands (top right), the abbess receiving her veil (middle left), nuns being consecrated (middle right), blessing the habits of the nuns (bottom left), and nuns receiving their veils (bottom right).

A woodcut depicting the Pope wearing the papal triple tiara, crowns a king (the globus cruciger on the ground before him), as cardinals, bishops, skeletons (representing death; one in cardinal's garb), and two flying demons (one with papal decree in hand) look on. The woodcut is accompanied by verses from Joshua 20 and Psalms 108 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A woodcut depicting the Pope wearing the papal triple tiara, crowns a king (the globus cruciger on the ground before him), as cardinals, bishops, skeletons (representing death; one in cardinal's garb), and two flying demons (one with papal decree in hand) look on. The woodcut is accompanied by verses from Joshua 20 and Psalms 108 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

An engraving depicting a scene of the pope (possibly Pope Gregory XIII) enthroned and surrounded by bishops and cardinals, a dove perched on the back of his throne. Surrounding this scene is a series of portraits of saints and biblical figures, including (from top left down, around, and up): Saint Augustine, Saint John, Saint Matthew, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Paul, Pope Gregory I (Saint), Saint Ambrose, Jeremiah, Isaiah, David, Job, Moses, and Saint Jerome.

An engraving depicting a scene of the pope (possibly Pope Gregory XIII) enthroned and surrounded by bishops and cardinals, a dove perched on the back of his throne. Surrounding this scene is a series of portraits of saints and biblical figures, including (from top left down, around, and up): Saint Augustine, Saint John, Saint Matthew, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Paul, Pope Gregory I (Saint), Saint Ambrose, Jeremiah, Isaiah, David, Job, Moses, and Saint Jerome.

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A nineteenth-century lithograph depicting John Wesley preaching at the City Road Chapel in London, addressing the 446 preachers in his connection. The lithograph was produced in the studio of William S. Pendleton (1795-1879) in Boston. Many of the individuals featured in the print are clearly identifiable by their printed engravings from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. One can quickly identify the familiar faces of Charles Wesley (1707-1788), John William Fletcher (1729-1785), Joseph Benson (1749-1821), and others.

A nineteenth-century lithograph depicting John Wesley preaching at the City Road Chapel in London, addressing the 446 preachers in his connection. The lithograph was produced in the studio of William S. Pendleton (1795-1879) in Boston. Many of the individuals featured in the print are clearly identifiable by their printed engravings from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. One can quickly identify the familiar faces of Charles Wesley (1707-1788), John William Fletcher (1729-1785), Joseph Benson (1749-1821), and others.

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Summary: Proceedings against William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, and six other bishops for publishing seditious libel against James II.

Summary: Proceedings against William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, and six other bishops for publishing seditious libel against James II.

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A woodcut depicting the wedding ceremonies of three clergy members with musicians (top) playing accompaniment.

A woodcut depicting the wedding ceremonies of three clergy members with musicians (top) playing accompaniment.

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