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An engraving depicting the burning of eighteen Anabaptists. The image shows the victims bound to burning stakes and praying as a pair of men stoke the fires.

An engraving depicting the burning of eighteen Anabaptists. The image shows the victims bound to burning stakes and praying as a pair of men stoke the fires.

An engraving depicting the execution of Algerius, a student from Padua. The image shows Algerius being drenched in boiling oil as he stands before a prepared stake and pyre while a monk attempts to convince him to repent.

An engraving depicting the execution of Algerius, a student from Padua. The image shows Algerius being drenched in boiling oil as he stands before a prepared stake and pyre while a monk attempts to convince him to repent.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Andries Langedul. The image shows Langedul seated on a porch witha Bible open on his lap, the open door behind him showing his family inside the house, as a man accompanied by guards approaches him from the street.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Andries Langedul. The image shows Langedul seated on a porch witha Bible open on his lap, the open door behind him showing his family inside the house, as a man accompanied by guards approaches him from the street.

An engraving depicting the execution of Anne Hendricks. The image shows Hendricks, bound to a ladder, being lifted towards a bonfire as a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the execution of Anne Hendricks. The image shows Hendricks, bound to a ladder, being lifted towards a bonfire as a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the execution of Anne Ians. The image shows Anne being led away as she reaches back to deliver her final testament of faith to her son.

An engraving depicting the execution of Anne Ians. The image shows Anne being led away as she reaches back to deliver her final testament of faith to her son.

An engraving depicting the execution of Anne van den Hove. The image shows van den Hove buried up to her neck while priests attempt to convince her to recant.

An engraving depicting the execution of Anne van den Hove. The image shows van den Hove buried up to her neck while priests attempt to convince her to recant.

An engraving depicting the execution of Anthonie Ysbaarts. The image shows Ysbaarts bound to a stake as a man attempts to stop the executioner from lighting the pyre.

An engraving depicting the execution of Anthonie Ysbaarts. The image shows Ysbaarts bound to a stake as a man attempts to stop the executioner from lighting the pyre.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Augustine the baker. The image shows Augustine, who had been kneeding dough, attempting to flee as a trio of men arrive at his bakery in order to arrest him.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Augustine the baker. The image shows Augustine, who had been kneeding dough, attempting to flee as a trio of men arrive at his bakery in order to arrest him.

An engraving depicting the execution of Christian Langedul and three others. The image shows the four bound men being led inside a straw lean-to and chained to posts within while a brazier sits to the side ready to light the lean-to on fire.

An engraving depicting the execution of Christian Langedul and three others. The image shows the four bound men being led inside a straw lean-to and chained to posts within while a brazier sits to the side ready to light the lean-to on fire.

An engraving depicting the execution of two young women. The image shows the young women, with crowns of straw on their heads, being led towards a stake being prepared in the background.

An engraving depicting the execution of two young women. The image shows the young women, with crowns of straw on their heads, being led towards a stake being prepared in the background.

Summary: Since the city of Augsburg was fairly evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant in the early 1520s, several Anabaptists hoped that their movement might benefit from this stalemate. Eitelhans Langenmantel attacks both Catholics and Lutherans, whom he called neo-Papists. His critique in this pamphlet focuses on the eucharist, which Langenmantel views in Zwinglian terms as a symbolic commemoration of the Last Supper. Like many other Anabaptists in Augsburg, Langenmantel was arrested and executed in 1527.

Summary: Since the city of Augsburg was fairly evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant in the early 1520s, several Anabaptists hoped that their movement might benefit from this stalemate. Eitelhans Langenmantel attacks both Catholics and Lutherans, whom he called neo-Papists. His critique in this pamphlet focuses on the eucharist, which Langenmantel views in Zwinglian terms as a symbolic commemoration of the Last Supper. Like many other Anabaptists in Augsburg, Langenmantel was arrested and executed in 1527.

An engraving depicting the public execution of a dozen people. The image shows a card of people being brought to an execution platforms where several have already been bound to stakes which are being prepared to be burned.

An engraving depicting the public execution of a dozen people. The image shows a card of people being brought to an execution platforms where several have already been bound to stakes which are being prepared to be burned.

Summary: A decree against the Anabaptists by the Lutheran prince, Georg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, to be read from the pulpits of his territory.

Summary: A decree against the Anabaptists by the Lutheran prince, Georg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, to be read from the pulpits of his territory.

An engraving depicting the execution and torture of some 350 people in Alzey on the orders of the Holy Roman Emperor. The image shows a man having his fingers removed with a chisel (right), a man being blindfolded in preparation for beheading (center), and a bound man with a cross burned onto his forehead (left).

An engraving depicting the execution and torture of some 350 people in Alzey on the orders of the Holy Roman Emperor. The image shows a man having his fingers removed with a chisel (right), a man being blindfolded in preparation for beheading (center), and a bound man with a cross burned onto his forehead (left).

An engraving depicting Dirk Willems, who as later burned at the stake, rescuing his pursuer from an icy body of water.

An engraving depicting Dirk Willems, who as later burned at the stake, rescuing his pursuer from an icy body of water.

An engraving depicting the torture of Geleyn Corneliusz. The image depicts Corneliusz hanging from a crossbeam by one wrist, a weight tied around his opposite ankle, while his torturers play cards on the other side of the room.

An engraving depicting the torture of Geleyn Corneliusz. The image depicts Corneliusz hanging from a crossbeam by one wrist, a weight tied around his opposite ankle, while his torturers play cards on the other side of the room.

An engraving depicting the imprisonment of George Wanger. The image shows Wanger chained to a wall in a prison, lying on a bed of straw.

An engraving depicting the imprisonment of George Wanger. The image shows Wanger chained to a wall in a prison, lying on a bed of straw.

An engraving depicting Gerard Hasepoot speaking with his wife a final time before his execution. The image shows Hasepoot (center) denying the offered wine as he speaks to his crying wife who holds their child as the judges who sentenced him to death watch.

An engraving depicting Gerard Hasepoot speaking with his wife a final time before his execution. The image shows Hasepoot (center) denying the offered wine as he speaks to his crying wife who holds their child as the judges who sentenced him to death watch.

An engraving depicting the mass persecution of Anabaptists in Austria. The image shows men being led away in chains as their families weap and pray for them.

An engraving depicting the mass persecution of Anabaptists in Austria. The image shows men being led away in chains as their families weap and pray for them.

An engraving depicting the execution of Willem Janss. The image shows Janss stepping up onto a bundle of wood beside a post as a monk and crowd watch.

An engraving depicting the execution of Willem Janss. The image shows Janss stepping up onto a bundle of wood beside a post as a monk and crowd watch.

An engraving depicting the execution of Heyndrick Eemkens. The image shows Eemkens bound by his neck to a post (right) and his executioner holding out a burning bundle of straw laced with gunpowder towards him.

An engraving depicting the execution of Heyndrick Eemkens. The image shows Eemkens bound by his neck to a post (right) and his executioner holding out a burning bundle of straw laced with gunpowder towards him.

An engraving depicting the execution of Hendrick Pruyt. The image shows Pruyt siting in his boat which has been set aflame.

An engraving depicting the execution of Hendrick Pruyt. The image shows Pruyt siting in his boat which has been set aflame.

An engraving depicting the executin of Hendrick Sumer and Jacob Mandel. The image shows Mandel's body laid out before Sumer in an attempt to convince him to recant.

An engraving depicting the executin of Hendrick Sumer and Jacob Mandel. The image shows Mandel's body laid out before Sumer in an attempt to convince him to recant.

An engraving depicting a debate between Jacob de Roore, the Chandler, and Friar Cornelius before de Roore's execution. The image shows de Roore chained in a dungeon, sitting across from the friar and two noblemen as they debate.

An engraving depicting a debate between Jacob de Roore, the Chandler, and Friar Cornelius before de Roore's execution. The image shows de Roore chained in a dungeon, sitting across from the friar and two noblemen as they debate.

An engraving depicting the execution of Jacob Dircks and his two older sons. The image shows Dircks and his older sons being led towards a trio of posts where they are to be burned while Dircks' youngest son wraps his arms around his father's neck.

An engraving depicting the execution of Jacob Dircks and his two older sons. The image shows Dircks and his older sons being led towards a trio of posts where they are to be burned while Dircks' youngest son wraps his arms around his father's neck.

An engraving depicting the imprisonment of Jaques d'Auchy. The image shows d'Auchy chained in a prison (right) with his wife standing before him as the guard urges her to leave.

An engraving depicting the imprisonment of Jaques d'Auchy. The image shows d'Auchy chained in a prison (right) with his wife standing before him as the guard urges her to leave.

An engraving depicting the execution of Jan Bosch. The image shows Bosch praying within a burning straw frame as an executioner watches.

An engraving depicting the execution of Jan Bosch. The image shows Bosch praying within a burning straw frame as an executioner watches.

An engraving depicting the torture of Hans Bret. The image shows a torturer afixing a vise around Bret's tongue and preparing to heat it with an iron.

An engraving depicting the torture of Hans Bret. The image shows a torturer afixing a vise around Bret's tongue and preparing to heat it with an iron.

An engraving depicting Hans Knevel before the margrave. The image shows Knevel, bound and with a chain on his leg, brought before the margrave after being arrested.

An engraving depicting Hans Knevel before the margrave. The image shows Knevel, bound and with a chain on his leg, brought before the margrave after being arrested.

An engraving depicting the execution of Hans Misel. The image shows Misel kneeling with blood spurting from his neck as his head lays on the ground beside him, his executioner moving to kick is body over as a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the execution of Hans Misel. The image shows Misel kneeling with blood spurting from his neck as his head lays on the ground beside him, his executioner moving to kick is body over as a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Hans Smit and his congregation. The image shows a number of men, women, and an infant being bound and led out of a house by guards with halberds.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Hans Smit and his congregation. The image shows a number of men, women, and an infant being bound and led out of a house by guards with halberds.

An engraving depicting the execution of Jan Smit. The image shows Smit hung by the ankle from a gallows outside of Haarlem.

An engraving depicting the execution of Jan Smit. The image shows Smit hung by the ankle from a gallows outside of Haarlem.

An engraving depicting the execution of Jan Wouterss van Kuyck and Adriaen Jans of Molenaersgraef. The image shows Jans being bound to a post atop an execution platform while Wouterss addresses the crowd.

An engraving depicting the execution of Jan Wouterss van Kuyck and Adriaen Jans of Molenaersgraef. The image shows Jans being bound to a post atop an execution platform while Wouterss addresses the crowd.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Hans van Overdam in the woods outside of Ghent. The image shows a group of men wielding clubs approaching van Overdam and his companion while a group of mounted men wait in the distance.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Hans van Overdam in the woods outside of Ghent. The image shows a group of men wielding clubs approaching van Overdam and his companion while a group of mounted men wait in the distance.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Hans van den Wege. The image shows van den Wege being aprehended by guardsmen on horseback while at the fishmarket.

An engraving depicting the arrest of Hans van den Wege. The image shows van den Wege being aprehended by guardsmen on horseback while at the fishmarket.

An engraving depicting the torture of Joost Joosten before his execution. The image shows a young man seated and bound as three torturers drive spikes through his knees and out the tops of his ankles.

An engraving depicting the torture of Joost Joosten before his execution. The image shows a young man seated and bound as three torturers drive spikes through his knees and out the tops of his ankles.

An engraving depicting the execution of Ioris Wippe. The image shows Wippe bound and standing backwards in front of a wine barrel in a dungeon as another man pushes him backwards towards the filled barrel.

An engraving depicting the execution of Ioris Wippe. The image shows Wippe bound and standing backwards in front of a wine barrel in a dungeon as another man pushes him backwards towards the filled barrel.

An engraving depicting the execution of Joriaen Simons, Clement Dirks, and Marie Joris. The image shows the two figures being burnt at the stake (left) and a crowd of people rescuing books, which had belonged to Simons, from a fire.

An engraving depicting the execution of Joriaen Simons, Clement Dirks, and Marie Joris. The image shows the two figures being burnt at the stake (left) and a crowd of people rescuing books, which had belonged to Simons, from a fire.

An engraving depicting the execution of Johan Knel (or possibly Büchner). The image shows Knel being bound to a stake with bundles of wood placed beneath as a monk attempts to plead with him.

An engraving depicting the execution of Johan Knel (or possibly Büchner). The image shows Knel being bound to a stake with bundles of wood placed beneath as a monk attempts to plead with him.

An engraving depicting Lauwerens Janss Noodtdruft being led to execution. The image shows Noodtdruft bound and flanked by guards and a monk.

An engraving depicting Lauwerens Janss Noodtdruft being led to execution. The image shows Noodtdruft bound and flanked by guards and a monk.

An engraving depicting the mass persecution of Anabaptists in Switzerland. The image shows a woman being arrested and pulled from her home while other groups of guards search houses in the background.

An engraving depicting the mass persecution of Anabaptists in Switzerland. The image shows a woman being arrested and pulled from her home while other groups of guards search houses in the background.

An engraving depicting the torture of Anabaptists in the Netherlands under the rule of the Duke of Alba. The image shows torturers afixing vises to the tongues of two men and heating them with iron (left and right) and a number of individuals being burned at the stake (background).

An engraving depicting the torture of Anabaptists in the Netherlands under the rule of the Duke of Alba. The image shows torturers afixing vises to the tongues of two men and heating them with iron (left and right) and a number of individuals being burned at the stake (background).

An engraving depicting the execution of Leonhard Bernkopff. The image shows Bernkopff bound to a stake while a man stokes a fire beside him.

An engraving depicting the execution of Leonhard Bernkopff. The image shows Bernkopff bound to a stake while a man stokes a fire beside him.

An engraving depicting the aftermath of the execution of Marie Wens. The image shows Wens' sons searching through the ashes of their mother's pyre for something to remember her.

An engraving depicting the aftermath of the execution of Marie Wens. The image shows Wens' sons searching through the ashes of their mother's pyre for something to remember her.

An engraving depicting the execution of a woman, Maria. The image shows Maria being bound at the edge of a dock, and as she removes her own outer garments, a monk attempts to encourage her to renounce her faith.

An engraving depicting the execution of a woman, Maria. The image shows Maria being bound at the edge of a dock, and as she removes her own outer garments, a monk attempts to encourage her to renounce her faith.

An engraving depicting the massacre of Anabaptists under the orders of the Bishop of Chur. The image shows two men shooting a third with rifles while standing over two bodies (foreground), people being thrown from windows (background, center), and people being hanged (background left).

An engraving depicting the massacre of Anabaptists under the orders of the Bishop of Chur. The image shows two men shooting a third with rifles while standing over two bodies (foreground), people being thrown from windows (background, center), and people being hanged (background left).

An engraving depicting the execution of Mattheus Mair. The image shows Mair, bound, being lowered into a river as a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the execution of Mattheus Mair. The image shows Mair, bound, being lowered into a river as a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the execution of Matthias Servaes. The image shows Servaes being led towards the execution site with hands held in prayer (right) while a young man (left) and woman (right) who had wished to speak with him and were apprehended are ordered to be releasted by a nobleman (right, on horse).

An engraving depicting the execution of Matthias Servaes. The image shows Servaes being led towards the execution site with hands held in prayer (right) while a young man (left) and woman (right) who had wished to speak with him and were apprehended are ordered to be releasted by a nobleman (right, on horse).

An engraving depicting the persecution of Anabaptists under Ferdinand II. The image shows a man being arrested while books are being burned behind him (left), a town being destroyed (background), and the belongings of families being siezed (right).

An engraving depicting the persecution of Anabaptists under Ferdinand II. The image shows a man being arrested while books are being burned behind him (left), a town being destroyed (background), and the belongings of families being siezed (right).

An engraving depicting Pieter Pieters Beckjen, who was later burned at the stake, preaching to a group in his boat. The image shows a group of nine gathered in a boat while a man at the bow reads from a Bible, the city of Amsterdam visible behind them.

An engraving depicting Pieter Pieters Beckjen, who was later burned at the stake, preaching to a group in his boat. The image shows a group of nine gathered in a boat while a man at the bow reads from a Bible, the city of Amsterdam visible behind them.

An engraving depicting the execution of seven Anabaptists. The image shows the prisioners facing a man on a horse and (presumably) professing their faith whiel an executioner prepares to behead them.

An engraving depicting the execution of seven Anabaptists. The image shows the prisioners facing a man on a horse and (presumably) professing their faith whiel an executioner prepares to behead them.

An engraving depicting the shopkeeper, Simon, refusing to worship the crucifix. The image shows Simon (right) standing resolutely as other kneeling citizens try to encourage him to kneel before the passing procession of the crucifix.

An engraving depicting the shopkeeper, Simon, refusing to worship the crucifix. The image shows Simon (right) standing resolutely as other kneeling citizens try to encourage him to kneel before the passing procession of the crucifix.

An engraving depicting the execution of six men and two women. The image shows the victims bound to stakes and being burned as various clergymen watch.

An engraving depicting the execution of six men and two women. The image shows the victims bound to stakes and being burned as various clergymen watch.

An engraving depicting the torture of Ursel, a schoolteacher. The image shows Ursel hung by her wrists from a post in a torture chamber being scourged by a man while a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the torture of Ursel, a schoolteacher. The image shows Ursel hung by her wrists from a post in a torture chamber being scourged by a man while a crowd watches.

Summary: In this piece, Melanchthon sharply attacks the major Anabaptist theological points. This is the second printing of the tract.

Summary: In this piece, Melanchthon sharply attacks the major Anabaptist theological points. This is the second printing of the tract.

Summary: First and only edition of an important source about the early relations between the Lutheran and Anabaptist movements.

Summary: First and only edition of an important source about the early relations between the Lutheran and Anabaptist movements.