• Summary: Choir book, edited by the Lutheran theologian Georg Major (Meier). The work opens with biblical canticles and Psalms of praise, followed by various hymns, prayers and litanies.
    Text

    Psalmi seu cantica ex sacris literis, : in ecclesia cantari solita, cum hymnis et collectis, veu orationibus pijs, in vsum ecclesiarum & iuuentutis scholasticae

    Summary: Choir book, edited by the Lutheran theologian Georg Major (Meier). The work opens with biblical canticles and Psalms of praise, followed by various hymns, prayers and litanies.
    Summary: Choir book, edited by the Lutheran theologian Georg Major (Meier). The work opens with biblical canticles and Psalms of praise, followed by various hymns, prayers and litanies.
  • Summary: The sermons on which this commentary on the Ten Commandments is based were delivered in Wittenberg in 1516-1517. This is the first work of Luther's to be translated into a modern European language. This is the first printing of the work.
    Text

    Decem praecepta Witte[n]berge[n]si praedicata populo

    Luther, Martin, 1483-1546
    Summary: The sermons on which this commentary on the Ten Commandments is based were delivered in Wittenberg in 1516-1517. This is the first work of Luther's to be translated into a modern European language. This is the first printing of the work.
    Summary: The sermons on which this commentary on the Ten Commandments is based were delivered in Wittenberg in 1516-1517. This is the first work of Luther's to be translated into a modern European language. This is the first printing of the work.
  • A Papal plenary indulgence, issued in the name of Pope Leo X to raise fund for work on the construction of a church and Carmelite convent (Santa Maria) on the island of Gorgona off the Tuscan coast. It was the sale of indulgences that had prompted Martin Luther to post his 95 Theses, which is generally seen as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Giacomo Mazzocchi, the printer of this indulgence used the same types in 1520 for the printing of Pope Leo's bull "Exsurge Domine," which called on Luther to retract 41 of his 95 theses or face excommunication.
    Text

    Indulgencia Plenaria

    Catholic Church. Pope (1513-1521 : Leo X)
    A Papal plenary indulgence, issued in the name of Pope Leo X to raise fund for work on the construction of a church and Carmelite convent (Santa Maria) on the island of Gorgona off the Tuscan coast. It was the sale of indulgences that had prompted Martin Luther to post his 95 Theses, which is generally seen as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Giacomo Mazzocchi, the printer of this indulgence used the same types in 1520 for the printing of Pope Leo's bull "Exsurge Domine," which called on Luther to retract 41 of his 95 theses or face excommunication.
    A Papal plenary indulgence, issued in the name of Pope Leo X to raise fund for work on the construction of a church and Carmelite convent (Santa Maria) on the island of Gorgona off the Tuscan coast. It was the sale of indulgences that had prompted Martin Luther to post his 95 Theses, which is generally seen as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Giacomo Mazzocchi, the printer of this indulgence used the same types in 1520 for the printing of Pope Leo's bull "Exsurge Domine," which called on Luther to retract 41 of his 95 theses or face excommunication.
  • A woodcut by Urs Graf depicting Christ carrying the Cross. The image was taken from a 1506 harmony of the Gospel texts of the Passion, edited by Matthias Ringmann, translated by Geiler von Keysersberg and printed by Johann Knobloch in Strasbourg.
    Still image

    Christ is carrying his cross

    Graf, Urs, approximately 1485-approximately 1527
    A woodcut by Urs Graf depicting Christ carrying the Cross. The image was taken from a 1506 harmony of the Gospel texts of the Passion, edited by Matthias Ringmann, translated by Geiler von Keysersberg and printed by Johann Knobloch in Strasbourg.
    A woodcut by Urs Graf depicting Christ carrying the Cross. The image was taken from a 1506 harmony of the Gospel texts of the Passion, edited by Matthias Ringmann, translated by Geiler von Keysersberg and printed by Johann Knobloch in Strasbourg.
  • A woodcut by Urs Graf depicting Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. The image was taken from a 1506 harmony of the Gospel texts of the Passion, edited by Matthias Ringmann, translated by Geiler von Keysersberg and printed by Johann Knobloch in Strasbourg.
    Still image

    Christ in the garden of Gethsemane

    Graf, Urs, approximately 1485-approximately 1527
    A woodcut by Urs Graf depicting Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. The image was taken from a 1506 harmony of the Gospel texts of the Passion, edited by Matthias Ringmann, translated by Geiler von Keysersberg and printed by Johann Knobloch in Strasbourg.
    A woodcut by Urs Graf depicting Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. The image was taken from a 1506 harmony of the Gospel texts of the Passion, edited by Matthias Ringmann, translated by Geiler von Keysersberg and printed by Johann Knobloch in Strasbourg.
  • Single sheet woodcut depicting Pope Leo X on a throne that is about to topple. Behind him are priests and monks and below them a group of Jesuits, who are trying to support the toppling throne. Leo's key, the symbol of the Petrine office is crumbling in the pope's hands. Facing Leo is Martin Luther holding an open Bible. Below him is a group of reformers led by Philipp Melanchthon, each holding a book (Bible). In the center below Leo is Friedrich Staphylus depicted as Judas Iscariot. Staphylus was a student of Philipp Melanchthon's, who rejoined the Catholic Church in 1553.
    Still image

    Des Ehrwirdigen Herrn Doctoris Martini Lutheri, gottseligen, Triumph, und Verantwortung, wider die gottlosen Schmehschrifft, der newen Münch, der Jesuiter, welche sie vnter dem Titel, Anatomia Lutheri, ausgesprenget haben

    Single sheet woodcut depicting Pope Leo X on a throne that is about to topple. Behind him are priests and monks and below them a group of Jesuits, who are trying to support the toppling throne. Leo's key, the symbol of the Petrine office is crumbling in the pope's hands. Facing Leo is Martin Luther holding an open Bible. Below him is a group of reformers led by Philipp Melanchthon, each holding a book (Bible). In the center below Leo is Friedrich Staphylus depicted as Judas Iscariot. Staphylus was a student of Philipp Melanchthon's, who rejoined the Catholic Church in 1553.
    Single sheet woodcut depicting Pope Leo X on a throne that is about to topple. Behind him are priests and monks and below them a group of Jesuits, who are trying to support the toppling throne. Leo's key, the symbol of the Petrine office is crumbling in the pope's hands. Facing Leo is Martin Luther holding an open Bible. Below him is a group of reformers led by Philipp Melanchthon, each holding a book (Bible). In the center below Leo is Friedrich Staphylus depicted as Judas Iscariot. Staphylus was a student of Philipp Melanchthon's, who rejoined the Catholic Church in 1553.
  • A woodcut containing a portrait of Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg kneeling before a crucifix. This woodcut likekly originated as a broadsheet since there are no signs of letterpress on the back. The same woodcut appeared in Grabriel Schnellboltz' Wahrhafftige Bildnisse etlicher Fuersten (Wittenberg, 1562) and the Augspurgische Confession (Frankfurt an der Oder:, Eichorn, 1572).
    Still image

    Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg Kneeling before a Crucifix

    Friedrich, Franz, approximately 1520-1584
    A woodcut containing a portrait of Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg kneeling before a crucifix. This woodcut likekly originated as a broadsheet since there are no signs of letterpress on the back. The same woodcut appeared in Grabriel Schnellboltz' Wahrhafftige Bildnisse etlicher Fuersten (Wittenberg, 1562) and the Augspurgische Confession (Frankfurt an der Oder:, Eichorn, 1572).
    A woodcut containing a portrait of Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg kneeling before a crucifix. This woodcut likekly originated as a broadsheet since there are no signs of letterpress on the back. The same woodcut appeared in Grabriel Schnellboltz' Wahrhafftige Bildnisse etlicher Fuersten (Wittenberg, 1562) and the Augspurgische Confession (Frankfurt an der Oder:, Eichorn, 1572).
  • A woodcut containing a portrait of John Frederick (Johann Friedrich) reading a book and praying before a crucifix. Frederick was a leader of the Schmalkaldic League and fought for Luther's cause against the Imperial troops. The league was defeated in the Battle of Muehlberg in April of 1547. Frederick was wounded by a slash across his left cheek, captured, condemned to death, but ultimately pardoned and reinstated as duke in Weimar. After 1547, however, the Electoral power had fallen to the rivalling Albertininian line of the dynasty residing in Dresden. The print depicts Frederick with the scar on his cheek. The book contains the words, "Hilf Got[t]" (help me God). Cranach marked the woodcut plate with his device and dated it to 1552, but the broadsheet in its current manifestation was printed in 1557.
    Still image

    Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous with Book and Crucifix

    Cranach, Lucas, 1515-1586
    A woodcut containing a portrait of John Frederick (Johann Friedrich) reading a book and praying before a crucifix. Frederick was a leader of the Schmalkaldic League and fought for Luther's cause against the Imperial troops. The league was defeated in the Battle of Muehlberg in April of 1547. Frederick was wounded by a slash across his left cheek, captured, condemned to death, but ultimately pardoned and reinstated as duke in Weimar. After 1547, however, the Electoral power had fallen to the rivalling Albertininian line of the dynasty residing in Dresden.
    A woodcut containing a portrait of John Frederick (Johann Friedrich) reading a book and praying before a crucifix. Frederick was a leader of the Schmalkaldic League and fought for Luther's cause against the Imperial troops. The league was defeated in the Battle of Muehlberg in April of 1547. Frederick was wounded by a slash across his left cheek, captured, condemned to death, but ultimately pardoned and reinstated as duke in Weimar. After 1547, however, the Electoral power had fallen to the rivalling Albertininian line of the dynasty residing in Dresden.
  • A woodcut containing a view of Wittenberg in Saxony-Anhalt. The woodcut was excerpted from from the German edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1572). The reverse side depicts a jousting battle scene.
    Still image

    Wittenberg in Obern Sachsen

    A woodcut containing a view of Wittenberg in Saxony-Anhalt. The woodcut was excerpted from from the German edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1572). The reverse side depicts a jousting battle scene.
    A woodcut containing a view of Wittenberg in Saxony-Anhalt. The woodcut was excerpted from from the German edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1572). The reverse side depicts a jousting battle scene.
  • Map of Jerusalem taken from Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1544), YY4-5 (pages [1015]-1018).
    Still image

    Ierusalem ciuitas sancta, olim metropolis regni Iudaici, hodie uero colonia Turcae

    Map of Jerusalem taken from Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1544), YY4-5 (pages [1015]-1018).
    Map of Jerusalem taken from Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1544), YY4-5 (pages [1015]-1018).
  • A colorized woodcut by Hans Schäufelein taken from a 16th century devotional work, "Speculum passionis Domini Nostri Ihesu Christi," by the Nuremberg doctor and publisher Ulrich Pinder (1507 PIND), which depicts the scourging of Christ.
    Still image

    The Scourging of Christ

    Schäufelein, Hans, approximately 1480-approximately 1539
    A colorized woodcut by Hans Schäufelein taken from a 16th century devotional work, "Speculum passionis Domini Nostri Ihesu Christi," by the Nuremberg doctor and publisher Ulrich Pinder (1507 PIND), which depicts the scourging of Christ.
    A colorized woodcut by Hans Schäufelein taken from a 16th century devotional work, "Speculum passionis Domini Nostri Ihesu Christi," by the Nuremberg doctor and publisher Ulrich Pinder (1507 PIND), which depicts the scourging of Christ.
  • Summary: Luther's translation from the original Greek of the New Testament is a landmark in the history of the German language. His forceful style ensured that his Thuringian-Saxon dialect would provide the standard for High German in years to come. From a religious standpoint, Luther's decision to refer to the original Greek rather than merely to translate the Vulgate ensured that the German New Testament would be much more faithful to the original. Erasmus' New Testament provided the basis for the translation. This particular copy represents the first printing of the German N.T., the so called September Bible 0f 1522. It is richly illustrated with woodcuts by Lukas Cranach, calling to mind Albrect Durer's series on the Apocalypse.
    Text

    Das Newe Testament Deůtzsch

    Summary: Luther's translation from the original Greek of the New Testament is a landmark in the history of the German language. His forceful style ensured that his Thuringian-Saxon dialect would provide the standard for High German in years to come. From a religious standpoint, Luther's decision to refer to the original Greek rather than merely to translate the Vulgate ensured that the German New Testament would be much more faithful to the original. Erasmus' New Testament provided the basis for the translation.
    Summary: Luther's translation from the original Greek of the New Testament is a landmark in the history of the German language. His forceful style ensured that his Thuringian-Saxon dialect would provide the standard for High German in years to come. From a religious standpoint, Luther's decision to refer to the original Greek rather than merely to translate the Vulgate ensured that the German New Testament would be much more faithful to the original. Erasmus' New Testament provided the basis for the translation.
  • Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.
    Text

    Historia de uita et actis reuerendissimi uiri D. Martini Lutheri, uerae theologiae doctoris

    Melanchthon, Philipp, 1497-1560
    Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.
    Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.
  • Summary: Response by Luther to the theses of Johann Eck, who had previously been in debate with Luther's colleague, Karlstadt. The face to face clash would come some six months later at the end of June, 1519.
    Text

    Disputatio D. Iohannis Eccij et P. Martini Luther in Studio Lipsensi. futura

    Luther, Martin, 1483-1546
    Summary: Response by Luther to the theses of Johann Eck, who had previously been in debate with Luther's colleague, Karlstadt. The face to face clash would come some six months later at the end of June, 1519.
    Summary: Response by Luther to the theses of Johann Eck, who had previously been in debate with Luther's colleague, Karlstadt. The face to face clash would come some six months later at the end of June, 1519.
  • Summary: This is Luther's first public attack on Johannes Eck. Included in this volume are Eck's letter of Dec. 24, 1518 in which he records his theological differences with Karlstadt, and Eck's own 12 theses with Luther's response.
    Text

    Disputatio domini Johannis Eccij et P. Martini Luther in Studio Lipsiensi futura

    Luther, Martin, 1483-1546
    Summary: This is Luther's first public attack on Johannes Eck. Included in this volume are Eck's letter of Dec. 24, 1518 in which he records his theological differences with Karlstadt, and Eck's own 12 theses with Luther's response.
    Summary: This is Luther's first public attack on Johannes Eck. Included in this volume are Eck's letter of Dec. 24, 1518 in which he records his theological differences with Karlstadt, and Eck's own 12 theses with Luther's response.
  • Summary: Only printing of a pamphlet by Karlstadt attacking Johann Eck on issues that emerged during their disputation at Leipzig 1519, in particular the interpretation of scripture and the question of free will and its relation to the grace of God.
    Text

    Verba dei : quanto candore & [que] syncere praedicari, quanta[que] solicitudine uniuersi debeant addiscere

    Karlstadt, Andreas Rudolff-Bodenstein von,1486-1541.
    Summary: Only printing of a pamphlet by Karlstadt attacking Johann Eck on issues that emerged during their disputation at Leipzig 1519, in particular the interpretation of scripture and the question of free will and its relation to the grace of God.
    Summary: Only printing of a pamphlet by Karlstadt attacking Johann Eck on issues that emerged during their disputation at Leipzig 1519, in particular the interpretation of scripture and the question of free will and its relation to the grace of God.
  • Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.
    Text

    Epistola D. Martini Luther ad Georgium Spalatinum &c. de disputatione sua : Eiusdem super Tredecim Proposit[i]o[n]ibus Lipsi[a]e disputatis resolutiones

    Luther, Martin, 1483-1546
    Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.
    Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.
  • Summary: The Donation of Constantine was a work that told of how the Emperor Constantine I gave secular domination over Italy to the Bishops of Rome. Although purported to have been written in the fourth century, the humanist scholar Lorenzo Valla proved the work, long suspect to be an eighth century forgery. Vall's treatise was one of the first important works of comparative philology, a method invaluable to later biblical scholars and translators. This particular edition was published by Ulri ch von Hutten, an important German humanist and patriot, with an introduction addressed to the Medici pope Leo X.
    Text

    De donatione Constantini quid ueri habeat, eruditorum quorundam iudicium, ut in uersa pagella uidebis

    Summary: The Donation of Constantine was a work that told of how the Emperor Constantine I gave secular domination over Italy to the Bishops of Rome. Although purported to have been written in the fourth century, the humanist scholar Lorenzo Valla proved the work, long suspect to be an eighth century forgery. Vall's treatise was one of the first important works of comparative philology, a method invaluable to later biblical scholars and translators.
    Summary: The Donation of Constantine was a work that told of how the Emperor Constantine I gave secular domination over Italy to the Bishops of Rome. Although purported to have been written in the fourth century, the humanist scholar Lorenzo Valla proved the work, long suspect to be an eighth century forgery. Vall's treatise was one of the first important works of comparative philology, a method invaluable to later biblical scholars and translators.
  • Summary: Rare first French printing of Luther's lectures on Galatians.
    Text

    Declaration entiere des fondemens de la doctrine Chrestiene. faicte sur l'Epistre de S. Paul aux Galatie[n]s : en laquele est co[n]tenue vne vraye & parfaicte exposition de la iustification qui est par la foy en Iesus Christ.

    Luther, Martin, 1483-1546
    Summary: Rare first French printing of Luther's lectures on Galatians.
    Summary: Rare first French printing of Luther's lectures on Galatians.
  • Summary: A commentary on Paul's letter to the Galatians.
    Text

    In Epistolam Pauli Ad Galatas, F. Martini Lutheri Augustiniani, commentarius

    Luther, Martin, 1483-1546
    Summary: A commentary on Paul's letter to the Galatians.
    Summary: A commentary on Paul's letter to the Galatians.
  • Summary: A Catholic catechism text.
    Text

    Ein Christliche lere : zu gründtlichem vnd bestendigem vnderricht des rechten Glaubens vnd eines Gotseligen wandels

    Johann VIII, Bishop of Meissen, 1492 or 1493-1549
    Summary: A Catholic catechism text.
    Summary: A Catholic catechism text.
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