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An engraving depicting the Siege of Magdeburg during the Thirty Years' War. The image shows the invading forces murdering civilians and burning the city.

An engraving depicting the Siege of Magdeburg during the Thirty Years' War. The image shows the invading forces murdering civilians and burning the city.

A woodcut depicting a monstrous fish purportedly pulled from the sea in Poland, which had the appearance of a Catholic monk.

A woodcut depicting a monstrous fish purportedly pulled from the sea in Poland, which had the appearance of a Catholic monk.

A woodcut depicting an elaborate monstrance, or an ostensorium, somewhat in the shape of a cathedral with a crucefix on top.

A woodcut depicting an elaborate monstrance, or an ostensorium, somewhat in the shape of a cathedral with a crucefix on top.

Summary: H. Dungersheim had had a long academic career before the Reformation started. He proved to be a determined foe of Luther. In this rare book he presents "over a hundred" citations from Luther's books written before the Peasants' War (1525) to prove that Luther was a teacher of sedition and tumult.

Summary: H. Dungersheim had had a long academic career before the Reformation started. He proved to be a determined foe of Luther. In this rare book he presents "over a hundred" citations from Luther's books written before the Peasants' War (1525) to prove that Luther was a teacher of sedition and tumult.

Used at Utrecht between 1470 and 1500, the North Dutch Book of Hours includes the "Hours of the Eternal Wisdom," by Gerard Groot (a member of the Brothers of the Common Life), Hours of the Virgin, and Penitential Psalms.

Used at Utrecht between 1470 and 1500, the North Dutch Book of Hours includes the "Hours of the Eternal Wisdom," by Gerard Groot (a member of the Brothers of the Common Life), Hours of the Virgin, and Penitential Psalms.

A series of six engravings depicting the observation of various Catholic Holy Days, including: Candlemas (top), tenebrae (left middle), the Procession of the Eucharist into a tomb (right middle), the fire that begins Holy Saturday (bottom left), and the blessing of a new Paschal candle (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting the observation of various Catholic Holy Days, including: Candlemas (top), tenebrae (left middle), the Procession of the Eucharist into a tomb (right middle), the fire that begins Holy Saturday (bottom left), and the blessing of a new Paschal candle (bottom right).

Summary: This is the first printing of Eck's speech to the Diet of Regensburg on April 5, 1541, defining the Catholic understanding of the Lord's Supper. The Diet of Regensburg proved to be Eck's last appearance as a major theological political leader, for his health declined and he could no longer bear the weight of these grueling encounters.

Summary: This is the first printing of Eck's speech to the Diet of Regensburg on April 5, 1541, defining the Catholic understanding of the Lord's Supper. The Diet of Regensburg proved to be Eck's last appearance as a major theological political leader, for his health declined and he could no longer bear the weight of these grueling encounters.

A series of six engravings depicting a Roman Catholic cleric receiving tonsure (top left) and a surplice (top right), and the ordination of a sexton (middle left), a lector (middle right), an exorcist (bottom left), and an acolyte (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting a Roman Catholic cleric receiving tonsure (top left) and a surplice (top right), and the ordination of a sexton (middle left), a lector (middle right), an exorcist (bottom left), and an acolyte (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting the ordination of Roman Catholic subdeacons (top left), deacons (top right), and priests (middle left). The priestly ordination includes the bishop laying hands on the new priest (middle right), the bestowal of the power to consecrate (bottom left), and sharing in Communion (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting the ordination of Roman Catholic subdeacons (top left), deacons (top right), and priests (middle left). The priestly ordination includes the bishop laying hands on the new priest (middle right), the bestowal of the power to consecrate (bottom left), and sharing in Communion (bottom right).

Summary: Osiander provides a fuller translation of the traditional Catholic rite of baptism than Münzer or Luther, who had both published baptism liturgies one year earlier, and who had eliminated certain ritual elements.

Summary: Osiander provides a fuller translation of the traditional Catholic rite of baptism than Münzer or Luther, who had both published baptism liturgies one year earlier, and who had eliminated certain ritual elements.

An engraved ornamental tailpiece appearing at the end of the fifth part of the section on Catholics. The engraving depicts a choir seated before an altar.

An engraved ornamental tailpiece appearing at the end of the fifth part of the section on Catholics. The engraving depicts a choir seated before an altar.

An engraved ornamental tailpiece appearing at the end of the introductory section. The engraving depicts a platform with the inscription "Finis" above which hangs a bell and drapery. Holding the drapery and bell up is a decorative boarder featuring a pair of cherubs, a censer, a stole, an open book (likely a Bible), and other Catholic ritual items.

An engraved ornamental tailpiece appearing at the end of the introductory section. The engraving depicts a platform with the inscription "Finis" above which hangs a bell and drapery. Holding the drapery and bell up is a decorative boarder featuring a pair of cherubs, a censer, a stole, an open book (likely a Bible), and other Catholic ritual items.

An engraved ornamental tailpiece to the preface of the section on the Inquisition, depicting the torture of heretics.

An engraved ornamental tailpiece to the preface of the section on the Inquisition, depicting the torture of heretics.

An engraved ornamental tailpiece to the first and second sections on the Inquisition, depicting a pair of Catholic officials trying a man during the Inquisition.

An engraved ornamental tailpiece to the first and second sections on the Inquisition, depicting a pair of Catholic officials trying a man during the Inquisition.

A series of six engravings depicting a conclave, the process by which Roman Catholic cardinals elect a new pope. The rules of the conclave, in which the cardinals are locked in seclusion, were established to prevent political interference and long delays. Food was delivered through a window; after three days, they only received one meal a day and after five days, only bread and water.

A series of six engravings depicting a conclave, the process by which Roman Catholic cardinals elect a new pope. The rules of the conclave, in which the cardinals are locked in seclusion, were established to prevent political interference and long delays. Food was delivered through a window; after three days, they only received one meal a day and after five days, only bread and water.

A series of six engravings depicting papal funeral rituals including the recognition of the pope’s body (top left), the procession of the body to Saint Peter’s basilica (second row), the body lying in state for three days at Saint Peter’s (third row left), the pope’s catafalque (a raised bier used to support the coffin) (third row right) and the funeral procession (bottom).

A series of six engravings depicting papal funeral rituals including the recognition of the pope’s body (top left), the procession of the body to Saint Peter’s basilica (second row), the body lying in state for three days at Saint Peter’s (third row left), the pope’s catafalque (a raised bier used to support the coffin) (third row right) and the funeral procession (bottom).

A series of six engravings depicting a Roman Catholic bishop leads worshipers through rites of penance, including putting on sackcloth, kneeling outside with extinguished candles, and reciting the litanies.

A series of six engravings depicting a Roman Catholic bishop leads worshipers through rites of penance, including putting on sackcloth, kneeling outside with extinguished candles, and reciting the litanies.

Engraved title vignette, and other engravings.

Engraved title vignette, and other engravings.

Summary: The Pontificale Romanum contains the liturgical rites for the sacraments of confirmation and Holy orders performed by bishops. The work is called "liber pontificalis" (pontifical or papal book) here, as books bearing pontifical authority often were prior to the 16th century, but it should not be confused with the papal annals, also called Liber Pontificalis, which is used by historians of the early Roman Church

Summary: The Pontificale Romanum contains the liturgical rites for the sacraments of confirmation and Holy orders performed by bishops. The work is called "liber pontificalis" (pontifical or papal book) here, as books bearing pontifical authority often were prior to the 16th century, but it should not be confused with the papal annals, also called Liber Pontificalis, which is used by historians of the early Roman Church

Summary: A tract in which Wesley reflects on a number of doctrines of the Catholic Church.

Summary: A tract in which Wesley reflects on a number of doctrines of the Catholic Church.

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting guards taking prisoners to Castel Sant'Angelo (while others are left alone) (top) and a depiction of the nightly patrol that occurs during the Conclave in Rome (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting guards taking prisoners to Castel Sant'Angelo (while others are left alone) (top) and a depiction of the nightly patrol that occurs during the Conclave in Rome (bottom).