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Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.

Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.

An engraved portrait of Pope Eugene IV, who sat as pope from 1431-1447. The portrait shows Eugene IV wearing a simple miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper right corner. The portrait is labeled "EVGENIVS. IIII. PAPA. VENETVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Eugene IV, who sat as pope from 1431-1447. The portrait shows Eugene IV wearing a simple miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper right corner. The portrait is labeled "EVGENIVS. IIII. PAPA. VENETVS".

A woodcut floorplan depicting the building complex in the Vatican where the Papal conclave is held. Buildings in this area include St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, and the Vatican Palace.

A woodcut floorplan depicting the building complex in the Vatican where the Papal conclave is held. Buildings in this area include St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, and the Vatican Palace.

An engraving depicting a bust of Pope Gregory XII atop a plinth featuring his coat of arms. Surrounding the bust is a broken key and a papal crown, and in the background is a wall depicting what might be the Judgement of Solomon, a possible reference to his oversight of the Council of Constance and the resolution of the Western Schism.

An engraving depicting a bust of Pope Gregory XII atop a plinth featuring his coat of arms. Surrounding the bust is a broken key and a papal crown, and in the background is a wall depicting what might be the Judgement of Solomon, a possible reference to his oversight of the Council of Constance and the resolution of the Western Schism.

An engraved portrait of Pope Gregory XII, who sat as pope from 1406-1415. The portrait shows Gregory XII wearing a simple miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "GREGORIVS. XII. PAPA. VENETVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Gregory XII, who sat as pope from 1406-1415. The portrait shows Gregory XII wearing a simple miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "GREGORIVS. XII. PAPA. VENETVS".

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Summary: Translation, with additions, of Platina's Vitae pontificum.

Summary: Translation, with additions, of Platina's Vitae pontificum.

An engraved border for the title page of Paolo di Angelis' Basilicae s. Mariae Maioris di Urbe a Liberio Papa I usque ad Paulum V Pont. Max. descriptio et delinatio printed in 1621. The border consists of a single print with several scenes pertaining to the veneration of and maricles of the Virgin Mary. The top of the border depicts angels and cherubs flanking a depiction of the Virgin Mary with Christ. In the center of the engraving, below the title, is a scene of St. Gregory I the Great leading a crowd in worship as a depiction of Mary is brought forward.

An engraved border for the title page of Paolo di Angelis' Basilicae s. Mariae Maioris di Urbe a Liberio Papa I usque ad Paulum V Pont. Max. descriptio et delinatio printed in 1621. The border consists of a single print with several scenes pertaining to the veneration of and maricles of the Virgin Mary. The top of the border depicts angels and cherubs flanking a depiction of the Virgin Mary with Christ. In the center of the engraving, below the title, is a scene of St. Gregory I the Great leading a crowd in worship as a depiction of Mary is brought forward.

An engraved border to Descrizione di Roma moderna formata nvovamente. The engraving depicts a pair of figures, one holding a cross and chalice and the other holding an anchor flanking a crest with three bees (the Barberini family) crowned by a galero (bottom), a pair of cherubs with shields (one with the papal keys and the other with S.P.Q.R.

An engraved border to Descrizione di Roma moderna formata nvovamente. The engraving depicts a pair of figures, one holding a cross and chalice and the other holding an anchor flanking a crest with three bees (the Barberini family) crowned by a galero (bottom), a pair of cherubs with shields (one with the papal keys and the other with S.P.Q.R.

An engraved title page to Onuphrii Panuinii Veronensis Fratris Eremitae Augustiniani. XXVII. Pontificum Maximorum elogia et imagines. The engraving depicts a sculpted building facade including a base with two coats of arms and an illustration of a stork standing before a desert city (bottom); two columns with a two coats of arms and four icons featuring a peacock, anvil, burning barrel, and an obelisk (sides); and at the top, two papal crests flanking a woman holding a cross and the Keys of Heaven, while above her is a dove representing the Holy Spirit.

An engraved title page to Onuphrii Panuinii Veronensis Fratris Eremitae Augustiniani. XXVII. Pontificum Maximorum elogia et imagines. The engraving depicts a sculpted building facade including a base with two coats of arms and an illustration of a stork standing before a desert city (bottom); two columns with a two coats of arms and four icons featuring a peacock, anvil, burning barrel, and an obelisk (sides); and at the top, two papal crests flanking a woman holding a cross and the Keys of Heaven, while above her is a dove representing the Holy Spirit.

The title page of Robert Barnes' Bapsttrew Hadriani iiij. vnd Alexanders iii. gegen Keyser Friderichen Barbarossa geübt : Aus der Historia zusamen gezogen nützlich zu lesen featuring a woodcut of Pope Alexander III confronting the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I.

The title page of Robert Barnes' Bapsttrew Hadriani iiij. vnd Alexanders iii. gegen Keyser Friderichen Barbarossa geübt : Aus der Historia zusamen gezogen nützlich zu lesen featuring a woodcut of Pope Alexander III confronting the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I.

The title page of Biblia : habes in hoc libro prudens lector vtriusq[ue] instrumenti nouam tran[s]latione[m] aeditum... featuring an architectural border decorated with portraits of Catholic saints. At the top of the border is an image of the pope flanked by cardinals and supported by a pair of cherubs holding horns and crests featuring a printer's mark. Along both sides are portraits of saints frmed with laurels, including: Jerome, Augustine, Gregory, Ambrosius, Hugo, Bernard, Thomas, Ireneus, and two unnamed saints.

The title page of Biblia : habes in hoc libro prudens lector vtriusq[ue] instrumenti nouam tran[s]latione[m] aeditum... featuring an architectural border decorated with portraits of Catholic saints. At the top of the border is an image of the pope flanked by cardinals and supported by a pair of cherubs holding horns and crests featuring a printer's mark. Along both sides are portraits of saints frmed with laurels, including: Jerome, Augustine, Gregory, Ambrosius, Hugo, Bernard, Thomas, Ireneus, and two unnamed saints.

The title page of Martin Schrot's Vrsprung vnd vrsach Gege[n]wertiger Vffrür, Teütscher Nation depicting the pope (in armor and the papal crown) leading an army, presumably set during the Schmalkald War, reinforcing the theme of the work which criticises the pope as a warrior attacking his sheep rather than leading them to God.

The title page of Martin Schrot's Vrsprung vnd vrsach Gege[n]wertiger Vffrür, Teütscher Nation depicting the pope (in armor and the papal crown) leading an army, presumably set during the Schmalkald War, reinforcing the theme of the work which criticises the pope as a warrior attacking his sheep rather than leading them to God.

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the formal procession of food for the Cardinals (top) and the delivery of dishes to the Cardinals (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the formal procession of food for the Cardinals (top) and the delivery of dishes to the Cardinals (bottom).

The title page of Histoire du concile de Constance : tirée principalement d'auteurs qui ont assisté au concile with a decorative engraving depicting the council in session.

The title page of Histoire du concile de Constance : tirée principalement d'auteurs qui ont assisté au concile with a decorative engraving depicting the council in session.

An engraved portrait of Pope Innocent VIII, who sat as pope from 1484-1492. The portrait shows Innocent VIII wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "INNOCENTIVS. VIII. PAPA. GENVENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Innocent VIII, who sat as pope from 1484-1492. The portrait shows Innocent VIII wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "INNOCENTIVS. VIII. PAPA. GENVENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Innocent VII, who sat as pope from 1404-1406. The portrait shows Innocent VII wearing a papal miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "INNOCENTIVS. VII. PAPA. SVLMONENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Innocent VII, who sat as pope from 1404-1406. The portrait shows Innocent VII wearing a papal miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "INNOCENTIVS. VII. PAPA. SVLMONENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Julius II, who sat as pope from 1503-1513. The portrait shows Julius II sitting in a chair with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IVLIVS. II. PAPA. SAVONENSIS. LIGVR".

An engraved portrait of Pope Julius II, who sat as pope from 1503-1513. The portrait shows Julius II sitting in a chair with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IVLIVS. II. PAPA. SAVONENSIS. LIGVR".

An engraved portrait of Pope Julius III, who sat as pope from 1550-1555. The portrait shows Julius III wearing a simple miter and vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IVLIVS. III. PAPA. ARRETINVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Julius III, who sat as pope from 1550-1555. The portrait shows Julius III wearing a simple miter and vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IVLIVS. III. PAPA. ARRETINVS".

An engraving depicting two separate scenes. On the left, Jesus tells his disciples that if they do not have swords, they should sell their cloaks and buy one in order to fulfill the scripture "And he was counted among the lawless". On the right, the Pope is depicted celebrating the Eucharist.

An engraving depicting two separate scenes. On the left, Jesus tells his disciples that if they do not have swords, they should sell their cloaks and buy one in order to fulfill the scripture "And he was counted among the lawless". On the right, the Pope is depicted celebrating the Eucharist.