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An engraved portrait of Pope Pius III, who sat as pope in 1503. The portrait shows Pius III wearing a simple miter with elaborate vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "PIVS. III. PAPA. SENENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Pius III, who sat as pope in 1503. The portrait shows Pius III wearing a simple miter with elaborate vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "PIVS. III. PAPA. SENENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Pius IV, who sat as pope from 1559-1565. The portrait shows Pius IV wearing a simple miter and vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "PIVS. IV. PAPA. MEDIOLANENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Pius IV, who sat as pope from 1559-1565. The portrait shows Pius IV wearing a simple miter and vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "PIVS. IV. PAPA. MEDIOLANENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Pius V, who sat as pope from 1566-1572. The portrait shows Pius V wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "PIVS. V. PAPA. ALEXANDRINVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Pius V, who sat as pope from 1566-1572. The portrait shows Pius V wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "PIVS. V. PAPA. ALEXANDRINVS".

Engraved title vignette, and other engravings.

Engraved title vignette, and other engravings.

A woodcut depicting the pope, bisops, and cardinals dining at the Lateran Palace. The pope sits at his own table, with cardinals on his right, and bishops on his left. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the pope, bisops, and cardinals dining at the Lateran Palace. The pope sits at his own table, with cardinals on his right, and bishops on his left. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring masks. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut of Pope Leo X's coat of arms, appearing on the title page of the official papal bull excommunicating Martin Luther. The coat of arms features the crossed keys to the kingdom of Heaven and the Papal crown, the traditional symbols of the Papacy, and the coat of arms of the Medici family, to which Pope Leo X belonged.

A woodcut of Pope Leo X's coat of arms, appearing on the title page of the official papal bull excommunicating Martin Luther. The coat of arms features the crossed keys to the kingdom of Heaven and the Papal crown, the traditional symbols of the Papacy, and the coat of arms of the Medici family, to which Pope Leo X belonged.

A woodcut depicting the pope travelling with a retinue of bishops. The pope rides a horse with attendents holding a canopy above his head while four bishops ride before him. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the pope travelling with a retinue of bishops. The pope rides a horse with attendents holding a canopy above his head while four bishops ride before him. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

Summary: This is the fifth printing of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition, on the power of the Pope, prepared for the Leipzig Disputation.

Summary: This is the fifth printing of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition, on the power of the Pope, prepared for the Leipzig Disputation.

Summary: One of the thorniest issues raised in the Leipzig Disputation was the historical precedence of papal authority. Eck argued that from earliest times, the authority of the bishop of Rome was accepted by the other bishops. Luther's thirteenth proposition argued that only much later did the church in Rome claim precedence over the other churches.

Summary: One of the thorniest issues raised in the Leipzig Disputation was the historical precedence of papal authority. Eck argued that from earliest times, the authority of the bishop of Rome was accepted by the other bishops. Luther's thirteenth proposition argued that only much later did the church in Rome claim precedence over the other churches.

An engraving depicting the papal monument of Sixtus V in the Sistine Chapel in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. The monument sits on the eastern wall of the chapel and includes a statue of the pope as well as depictions of his life and works.

An engraving depicting the papal monument of Sixtus V in the Sistine Chapel in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. The monument sits on the eastern wall of the chapel and includes a statue of the pope as well as depictions of his life and works.

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the announcement of a successful election of a new pope (top) and the rite of burning flax at the Papal corronation (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the announcement of a successful election of a new pope (top) and the rite of burning flax at the Papal corronation (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the newly elected Pope being carried from the Sistine Chapel to St. Peter's Basilica (top) and the recognition of the new Pope as he sits upon the High Altar in St. Peter's Basilica (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the newly elected Pope being carried from the Sistine Chapel to St. Peter's Basilica (top) and the recognition of the new Pope as he sits upon the High Altar in St. Peter's Basilica (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the Cardinal Camerlengo retrieving the Ring of the Fisherman from the body of the deceased Pope (top) and the sealing of the Papal office and destruction of the deceased Pope's seal (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the Cardinal Camerlengo retrieving the Ring of the Fisherman from the body of the deceased Pope (top) and the sealing of the Papal office and destruction of the deceased Pope's seal (bottom).

An engraving depicting a session of the Council of Trent with the label, "The Representation of the Fathers assembled in the Council of Trent: begun about the end of the year 1545. Concluded towards the end of 1563, under the Pontificate of Paul III, Julius III, Marcel II, Paul IV, and Pius IV. There were XXV Sessions, in which were present VII Cardinals, V whereof were the Popes LEgates, XVI Ambassadours from Kings, Princes & Republicks, CCL Patriarchs, Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots and Generals of Orders, All Divines and Doctours of the Civil and Canon Law."

An engraving depicting a session of the Council of Trent with the label, "The Representation of the Fathers assembled in the Council of Trent: begun about the end of the year 1545. Concluded towards the end of 1563, under the Pontificate of Paul III, Julius III, Marcel II, Paul IV, and Pius IV. There were XXV Sessions, in which were present VII Cardinals, V whereof were the Popes LEgates, XVI Ambassadours from Kings, Princes & Republicks, CCL Patriarchs, Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots and Generals of Orders, All Divines and Doctours of the Civil and Canon Law."

A woodcut depicting the newly elected Pope being crowned befored the gathered Cardinals.

A woodcut depicting the newly elected Pope being crowned befored the gathered Cardinals.

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the cardinals entering the conclave (top) and two examples (one complete and one with the framing) of the temporary rooms set up to house the cardinals during the conclave (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the cardinals entering the conclave (top) and two examples (one complete and one with the framing) of the temporary rooms set up to house the cardinals during the conclave (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the initial meeting of the Cardinals before the official conclave (top) and the Mass of the Holy Ghost preceeding the Papal conclave (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the initial meeting of the Cardinals before the official conclave (top) and the Mass of the Holy Ghost preceeding the Papal conclave (bottom).

A woodcut depicting the stages of the funeral procession of Pope Clement XI, showing the route of the procession and the elements of the procession.

A woodcut depicting the stages of the funeral procession of Pope Clement XI, showing the route of the procession and the elements of the procession.

A woodcut depicting the Pope wearing the papal triple tiara, crowns a king (the globus cruciger on the ground before him), as cardinals, bishops, skeletons (representing death; one in cardinal's garb), and two flying demons (one with papal decree in hand) look on. The woodcut is accompanied by verses from Joshua 20 and Psalms 108 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A woodcut depicting the Pope wearing the papal triple tiara, crowns a king (the globus cruciger on the ground before him), as cardinals, bishops, skeletons (representing death; one in cardinal's garb), and two flying demons (one with papal decree in hand) look on. The woodcut is accompanied by verses from Joshua 20 and Psalms 108 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the body of the Pope lying in state (top) and a depiction of the delivery of a eulogy during the nine official days of mourning following interment, called the Novemdiales (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting the body of the Pope lying in state (top) and a depiction of the delivery of a eulogy during the nine official days of mourning following interment, called the Novemdiales (bottom).

An engraving depicting a scene of the pope (possibly Pope Gregory XIII) enthroned and surrounded by bishops and cardinals, a dove perched on the back of his throne. Surrounding this scene is a series of portraits of saints and biblical figures, including (from top left down, around, and up): Saint Augustine, Saint John, Saint Matthew, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Paul, Pope Gregory I (Saint), Saint Ambrose, Jeremiah, Isaiah, David, Job, Moses, and Saint Jerome.

An engraving depicting a scene of the pope (possibly Pope Gregory XIII) enthroned and surrounded by bishops and cardinals, a dove perched on the back of his throne. Surrounding this scene is a series of portraits of saints and biblical figures, including (from top left down, around, and up): Saint Augustine, Saint John, Saint Matthew, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Paul, Pope Gregory I (Saint), Saint Ambrose, Jeremiah, Isaiah, David, Job, Moses, and Saint Jerome.