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An architectural historiated woodcut border on the title page of the second printing of Philip Melanchthon's inagural address to the Wittenberg faculty. The border features the printer's device of Johann Froben, a shield with a caduceus, surrounded by a wreath. At the bottom is a scene of Salome requesting, and recieving, the head of John the Baptist.

An architectural historiated woodcut border on the title page of the second printing of Philip Melanchthon's inagural address to the Wittenberg faculty. The border features the printer's device of Johann Froben, a shield with a caduceus, surrounded by a wreath. At the bottom is a scene of Salome requesting, and recieving, the head of John the Baptist.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote a great deal on the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His determination to afford the laity and active part in the celebration was to have disastrous consequences for him both professionally and personally.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote a great deal on the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His determination to afford the laity and active part in the celebration was to have disastrous consequences for him both professionally and personally.

Summary: Important description of S. Maria Maggiore in its unaltered Renaissance state, before extensive renovations of Ferdinand Fuga in 1743.

Summary: Important description of S. Maria Maggiore in its unaltered Renaissance state, before extensive renovations of Ferdinand Fuga in 1743.

A vellum leaf containing the partial text of 1 Kings (1 Samuel). The text contains an illuminated zoomorphic initial “F” with a long marginal extender. There is also a decorated letter beginning the first chapter of 1 Kings (1 Samuel).

A vellum leaf containing the partial text of 1 Kings (1 Samuel). The text contains an illuminated zoomorphic initial “F” with a long marginal extender. There is also a decorated letter beginning the first chapter of 1 Kings (1 Samuel).

A vellum leaf containing the text of Luke 1:46-55 and featuring decorative initial letters.

A vellum leaf containing the text of Luke 1:46-55 and featuring decorative initial letters.

A vellum leaf containing the text of Matthew 2:1-11 and featuring decorative initial letters.

A vellum leaf containing the text of Matthew 2:1-11 and featuring decorative initial letters.

A vellum leaf containing the text of Matthew 5-7, written in Gothic script.

A vellum leaf containing the text of Matthew 5-7, written in Gothic script.

An engraved portrait of Pope Boniface IX, who sat as pope from 1389-1404. The portrait shows Boniface IX wearing a papal miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "BONIFACIVS. IX. PAPA. NEAPOLITANVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Boniface IX, who sat as pope from 1389-1404. The portrait shows Boniface IX wearing a papal miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "BONIFACIVS. IX. PAPA. NEAPOLITANVS".

A vellum leaf from a Latin Book of Hours. The leaf contains 1/4 panel borders, 1-line and 2-line decoratored initials, and decorated line endings all of liquid gold and tempera.

A vellum leaf from a Latin Book of Hours. The leaf contains 1/4 panel borders, 1-line and 2-line decoratored initials, and decorated line endings all of liquid gold and tempera.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on the book of Joshua, first published in 1549.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on the book of Joshua, first published in 1549.

Summary: A short tract by Erasmus on the composition of letters.

Summary: A short tract by Erasmus on the composition of letters.

Summary: Joachim Westphal was a gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Superintendent in Hamburg. A major opponent of the Interims of Augsburg and Leipzig, he argued that Catholic liturgical practices were not adiaphora (morally indifferent acts that were either required nor prohibited), but needed to be rejected completely.

Summary: Joachim Westphal was a gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Superintendent in Hamburg. A major opponent of the Interims of Augsburg and Leipzig, he argued that Catholic liturgical practices were not adiaphora (morally indifferent acts that were either required nor prohibited), but needed to be rejected completely.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of Hutten's edition of the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which condemns as heretical 41 statements by Martin Luther and offers Luther 60 days to recant. Hutten issued the bull with the papal coat of arms on the title page, and offers his own glosses, introduction, and call to Leo to keep his bulls to himself, and not to bother the German Protestants any longer.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of Hutten's edition of the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which condemns as heretical 41 statements by Martin Luther and offers Luther 60 days to recant. Hutten issued the bull with the papal coat of arms on the title page, and offers his own glosses, introduction, and call to Leo to keep his bulls to himself, and not to bother the German Protestants any longer.

Summary: A historical, social, religious, and natural history of the ancient world.

Summary: A historical, social, religious, and natural history of the ancient world.

An engraved portrait of Pope Callistus III, who sat as pope from 1455-1458. The portrait shows Callistus III wearing elaborate vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper right corner. The portrait is labeled "CALIXTVS. III. PAPA. VALENTINVS. HISPANVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Callistus III, who sat as pope from 1455-1458. The portrait shows Callistus III wearing elaborate vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper right corner. The portrait is labeled "CALIXTVS. III. PAPA. VALENTINVS. HISPANVS".

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: C. Schatzgeyer here writes on the veneration of the saints, the "friends of God". Catholic theology makes a sharp distinction between paying honor to saints (dulia) and worship of God (latria). This is the first printing of this work. No one knows for sure when it was written and printed.

Summary: C. Schatzgeyer here writes on the veneration of the saints, the "friends of God". Catholic theology makes a sharp distinction between paying honor to saints (dulia) and worship of God (latria). This is the first printing of this work. No one knows for sure when it was written and printed.

Illustrative and decorative content: Woodcut head- and tail-pieces, initials. Contains engravings of church buildings in Catania.

Illustrative and decorative content: Woodcut head- and tail-pieces, initials. Contains engravings of church buildings in Catania.

Summary: Catechism by David Chytraeus, a student of Philipp Melanchthon's.

Summary: Catechism by David Chytraeus, a student of Philipp Melanchthon's.

Summary: Rhegius was a Reformer, active throughout Germany promoting Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg he was befriended by Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, under whose patronage he returned to Brunswick where he wrote the present work for Ernest's son, Francis Otto (1530-1559). Like many 16th c. catechisms, Rhegius' is in the form of a dialogue, in this instance between the teacher and the pupil (paedagogus et discipulus).

Summary: Rhegius was a Reformer, active throughout Germany promoting Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg he was befriended by Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, under whose patronage he returned to Brunswick where he wrote the present work for Ernest's son, Francis Otto (1530-1559). Like many 16th c. catechisms, Rhegius' is in the form of a dialogue, in this instance between the teacher and the pupil (paedagogus et discipulus).

Summary: Summary-style Lutheran catechism by Sebald Heyden, a humanist scholar and educator in Nuremberg. He was well known as a poet and composer of hymns and his book "De arte candendi" (On the art of singing) had a significant impact on the study and teaching of music.

Summary: Summary-style Lutheran catechism by Sebald Heyden, a humanist scholar and educator in Nuremberg. He was well known as a poet and composer of hymns and his book "De arte candendi" (On the art of singing) had a significant impact on the study and teaching of music.