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Summary: One of six 1523 editions of a collection of sermons delivered by Luther in 1522, directed against A. Karlstadt.

Summary: One of six 1523 editions of a collection of sermons delivered by Luther in 1522, directed against A. Karlstadt.

Summary: Sermon preached April 2, 1523 (Maundy Thursday), on the value and efficacy of the Holy Sacrament.

Summary: Sermon preached April 2, 1523 (Maundy Thursday), on the value and efficacy of the Holy Sacrament.

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Summary: After Albrecht, Duke of Prussia and last of the Masters of the Teutonic Knights, became a Protestant, he sought out preachers to fill the pulpits in his territory. Some were Lutherans, others were followers of Schwenckfeld. Luther here warns Albrecht about the heretical tendencies of the Schwenckfelders. Albrecht came increasingly under the influence of F. Von Heideck (a Schwenckfelder) and was not especially impressed by Luther's arguments against the use of John 6 in the interpretation of the Lord's Supper.

Summary: After Albrecht, Duke of Prussia and last of the Masters of the Teutonic Knights, became a Protestant, he sought out preachers to fill the pulpits in his territory. Some were Lutherans, others were followers of Schwenckfeld. Luther here warns Albrecht about the heretical tendencies of the Schwenckfelders. Albrecht came increasingly under the influence of F. Von Heideck (a Schwenckfelder) and was not especially impressed by Luther's arguments against the use of John 6 in the interpretation of the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Luther's reply to a letter from Duke Albrecht of Brandenburg, concerning the interpretation of John VI with reference to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Luther's reply to a letter from Duke Albrecht of Brandenburg, concerning the interpretation of John VI with reference to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote a great deal on the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His determination to afford the laity and active part in the celebration was to have disastrous consequences for him both professionally and personally.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote a great deal on the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His determination to afford the laity and active part in the celebration was to have disastrous consequences for him both professionally and personally.

Summary: When Blarer was asked by Duke Ulrich of Württemberg to introduce the Reformation in the duchy, he tried to mediate between Zwingli and the Lutherans in the matter of the eucharist. He came to Stuttgart in 1534 to support a compromise and was criticized for abandoning the position he had held while still in Konstanz. In this tract he defends himself against these criticisms and affirms his support of the Stuttgart Concord.

Summary: When Blarer was asked by Duke Ulrich of Württemberg to introduce the Reformation in the duchy, he tried to mediate between Zwingli and the Lutherans in the matter of the eucharist. He came to Stuttgart in 1534 to support a compromise and was criticized for abandoning the position he had held while still in Konstanz. In this tract he defends himself against these criticisms and affirms his support of the Stuttgart Concord.

A woodcut depicting the blessing of a tabernacle for the Eucharist. A bishop raises a hand in blessing as the tabernacle sits upon an altar. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

A woodcut depicting the blessing of a tabernacle for the Eucharist. A bishop raises a hand in blessing as the tabernacle sits upon an altar. The scene is flanked by ornamental scroll work featuring cherubs. The woodcut is reused throughout the work.

Summary: This is a response, written by Zwingli and adopted by the Council of Zurich, to a warning letter from Hugo von Hohenlandenberg (1457-1532), Bishop of Constance, about the destruction of images (Simulacra) and the reform of the Holy Mass. The bishop argued that the Bible forbade only heathen images; Christian imagery was entirely licit and its use sanctioned by the Council of Nicaea. The book was circulated at the Diet of Lucerne in April 1524 but did not reach Zurich until early June.

Summary: This is a response, written by Zwingli and adopted by the Council of Zurich, to a warning letter from Hugo von Hohenlandenberg (1457-1532), Bishop of Constance, about the destruction of images (Simulacra) and the reform of the Holy Mass. The bishop argued that the Bible forbade only heathen images; Christian imagery was entirely licit and its use sanctioned by the Council of Nicaea. The book was circulated at the Diet of Lucerne in April 1524 but did not reach Zurich until early June.

A woodcut depicting an elaborate ciborium featuring several decorative spires and a crucifix at the top.

A woodcut depicting an elaborate ciborium featuring several decorative spires and a crucifix at the top.

Summary: Compilation by Johann Wigand of arguments made by the Reformer Paul Eber in support of the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: Compilation by Johann Wigand of arguments made by the Reformer Paul Eber in support of the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: The Second printing of Luther's book, "Against the Heavenly Prophets addresses A. Karlstadt's doctrine of the Sacraments. This is the second printing of this work in its year of issue.

Summary: The Second printing of Luther's book, "Against the Heavenly Prophets addresses A. Karlstadt's doctrine of the Sacraments. This is the second printing of this work in its year of issue.

Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: Luther wrote his "Formula of the Mass and Communion" in 1523 at the insistence of N. Hausmann, the preacher at the Marienkirche, in Zwickau. Hausmann then wanted a German version to be used in his church. P. Speratus supplied one, and an unnamed Nuremberg translator supplied another. This is that Nuremberg work's first printing.

Summary: Luther wrote his "Formula of the Mass and Communion" in 1523 at the insistence of N. Hausmann, the preacher at the Marienkirche, in Zwickau. Hausmann then wanted a German version to be used in his church. P. Speratus supplied one, and an unnamed Nuremberg translator supplied another. This is that Nuremberg work's first printing.

This sermon cautions against accepting Jesus Christ into your heart under false pretenses, but that all good Christians must accept him fully as their Lord and give up their sinful desires.

This sermon cautions against accepting Jesus Christ into your heart under false pretenses, but that all good Christians must accept him fully as their Lord and give up their sinful desires.

Summary: Since the city of Augsburg was fairly evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant in the early 1520s, several Anabaptists hoped that their movement might benefit from this stalemate. Eitelhans Langenmantel attacks both Catholics and Lutherans, whom he called neo-Papists. His critique in this pamphlet focuses on the eucharist, which Langenmantel views in Zwinglian terms as a symbolic commemoration of the Last Supper. Like many other Anabaptists in Augsburg, Langenmantel was arrested and executed in 1527.

Summary: Since the city of Augsburg was fairly evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant in the early 1520s, several Anabaptists hoped that their movement might benefit from this stalemate. Eitelhans Langenmantel attacks both Catholics and Lutherans, whom he called neo-Papists. His critique in this pamphlet focuses on the eucharist, which Langenmantel views in Zwinglian terms as a symbolic commemoration of the Last Supper. Like many other Anabaptists in Augsburg, Langenmantel was arrested and executed in 1527.

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Summary: Two sermons by the Lutheran preacher Johann Spangenberg on the sacrament of the eucharist and on Christian life, based on Ephesians 5, as well as a short exegesis of Psalm 1.

Summary: Two sermons by the Lutheran preacher Johann Spangenberg on the sacrament of the eucharist and on Christian life, based on Ephesians 5, as well as a short exegesis of Psalm 1.

Summary: Summary of the transactions of teh Colloquy of Maulbronn, a council involving theologians from Lutheran Würtemberg and the Reformed (Zwinglian) Palatinate. The main point of debate was the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

Summary: Summary of the transactions of teh Colloquy of Maulbronn, a council involving theologians from Lutheran Würtemberg and the Reformed (Zwinglian) Palatinate. The main point of debate was the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

Summary: After Karlstadt had been driven out of Saxony, he sought refuge in South Germany. When this proved impossible, he returned to Wittenberg. Karlstadt publish a retraction of his former opinions and then publish nothing else without prior approval. This is the retraction with Luther's preface. Needless to say, Karlstadt did not find these conditions at all acceptable and he was soon on the move again. He came to settle in Switzerland, first in Zurich and finally in Basel, where he died on Christmas Eve, 1541.

Summary: After Karlstadt had been driven out of Saxony, he sought refuge in South Germany. When this proved impossible, he returned to Wittenberg. Karlstadt publish a retraction of his former opinions and then publish nothing else without prior approval. This is the retraction with Luther's preface. Needless to say, Karlstadt did not find these conditions at all acceptable and he was soon on the move again. He came to settle in Switzerland, first in Zurich and finally in Basel, where he died on Christmas Eve, 1541.

Summary: Second of eleven printings, and the second of two Wittenberg printings with t.p. in red and black, of a sermon by Luther on the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Second of eleven printings, and the second of two Wittenberg printings with t.p. in red and black, of a sermon by Luther on the Lord's Supper.

A set of forty-two simple glass communion cups.

A set of forty-two simple glass communion cups.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

The digital edition of an introduction to and translation of Ulrich Zwingli's "Actio[n] oder Brauch des Nachtmals, Gedechtnus, oder Dancksagung Christi wie sy auff Osteren zu[o] Zürich angehebt wirt, jm Jar alls man zalt M.D. XXV," originally published by Hans Hager in Zürich, Switzerland in 1525. The original text is one of two edition published in 1525 of Zwingli's reform of the mass on the basis of a "biblically based" liturgy.

The digital edition of an introduction to and translation of Ulrich Zwingli's "Actio[n] oder Brauch des Nachtmals, Gedechtnus, oder Dancksagung Christi wie sy auff Osteren zu[o] Zürich angehebt wirt, jm Jar alls man zalt M.D. XXV," originally published by Hans Hager in Zürich, Switzerland in 1525. The original text is one of two edition published in 1525 of Zwingli's reform of the mass on the basis of a "biblically based" liturgy.

An initial letter "C" featuring an elaborate ciborium.

An initial letter "C" featuring an elaborate ciborium.

An initial letter "D" featuring Jesus holding a chalice and collecting the blood pouring from the spear wound on his side. The wounds from the nails used to pin him to the cross are visible on his hands and feet.

An initial letter "D" featuring Jesus holding a chalice and collecting the blood pouring from the spear wound on his side. The wounds from the nails used to pin him to the cross are visible on his hands and feet.

An engraving depicting two separate scenes. On the left, Jesus tells his disciples that if they do not have swords, they should sell their cloaks and buy one in order to fulfill the scripture "And he was counted among the lawless". On the right, the Pope is depicted celebrating the Eucharist.

An engraving depicting two separate scenes. On the left, Jesus tells his disciples that if they do not have swords, they should sell their cloaks and buy one in order to fulfill the scripture "And he was counted among the lawless". On the right, the Pope is depicted celebrating the Eucharist.

A pair of engravings depicting the display of the body within a coffin before the house of the deceased or their family (top) and the offering of the Eucherist during a mass of requiem for the dead (bottom).

A pair of engravings depicting the display of the body within a coffin before the house of the deceased or their family (top) and the offering of the Eucherist during a mass of requiem for the dead (bottom).

A pair of engravings depicting parishioners taking Communion (top) and a priest delivering the Eucharist as part of the last rites (bottom).

A pair of engravings depicting parishioners taking Communion (top) and a priest delivering the Eucharist as part of the last rites (bottom).

A pair of engravings depicting worshipers kneeling before a priest to recieve marks on their foreheads in observation of Ash Wednesday (top) and a woman recieving Communion (bottom).

A pair of engravings depicting worshipers kneeling before a priest to recieve marks on their foreheads in observation of Ash Wednesday (top) and a woman recieving Communion (bottom).

A letter from William Law to John Wesley discussing the Lord's Supper and the conceptualization of the blood and body of Christ as part of the Eucharist.

A letter from William Law to John Wesley discussing the Lord's Supper and the conceptualization of the blood and body of Christ as part of the Eucharist.

A pair of engravings depicting the proper way to transport the Eucharist when the Pope is travelling: either on a horse (top) or on a litter supported by two horses, front and back (bottom).

A pair of engravings depicting the proper way to transport the Eucharist when the Pope is travelling: either on a horse (top) or on a litter supported by two horses, front and back (bottom).

A woodcut depicting an elaborate monstrance, or an ostensorium, somewhat in the shape of a cathedral with a crucefix on top.

A woodcut depicting an elaborate monstrance, or an ostensorium, somewhat in the shape of a cathedral with a crucefix on top.

A series of six engravings depicting the observation of various Catholic Holy Days, including: Candlemas (top), tenebrae (left middle), the Procession of the Eucharist into a tomb (right middle), the fire that begins Holy Saturday (bottom left), and the blessing of a new Paschal candle (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting the observation of various Catholic Holy Days, including: Candlemas (top), tenebrae (left middle), the Procession of the Eucharist into a tomb (right middle), the fire that begins Holy Saturday (bottom left), and the blessing of a new Paschal candle (bottom right).

Summary: This is the first printing of Eck's speech to the Diet of Regensburg on April 5, 1541, defining the Catholic understanding of the Lord's Supper. The Diet of Regensburg proved to be Eck's last appearance as a major theological political leader, for his health declined and he could no longer bear the weight of these grueling encounters.

Summary: This is the first printing of Eck's speech to the Diet of Regensburg on April 5, 1541, defining the Catholic understanding of the Lord's Supper. The Diet of Regensburg proved to be Eck's last appearance as a major theological political leader, for his health declined and he could no longer bear the weight of these grueling encounters.

Summary: Early guidance by Luther on how a Christian ought to approach and receive the Lord's Supper. Includes the Words of Institution, the Aaronic Benediction, and a series of questions that ought to be put to everyone wishing to receive the Sacrament, with appropriate answers.

Summary: Early guidance by Luther on how a Christian ought to approach and receive the Lord's Supper. Includes the Words of Institution, the Aaronic Benediction, and a series of questions that ought to be put to everyone wishing to receive the Sacrament, with appropriate answers.

A series of six engravings depicting the ordination of Roman Catholic subdeacons (top left), deacons (top right), and priests (middle left). The priestly ordination includes the bishop laying hands on the new priest (middle right), the bestowal of the power to consecrate (bottom left), and sharing in Communion (bottom right).

A series of six engravings depicting the ordination of Roman Catholic subdeacons (top left), deacons (top right), and priests (middle left). The priestly ordination includes the bishop laying hands on the new priest (middle right), the bestowal of the power to consecrate (bottom left), and sharing in Communion (bottom right).

This sermon addresses the sacrifice of Jesus and the continual practice of Mass, indicating the importance of attending mass, the situations in which people can be excused from Mass without sin, and the dispositions necessary to benefit from Mass.

This sermon addresses the sacrifice of Jesus and the continual practice of Mass, indicating the importance of attending mass, the situations in which people can be excused from Mass without sin, and the dispositions necessary to benefit from Mass.

Six simple glass communion cups used by the chaplains at Emory University during World War I.

Six simple glass communion cups used by the chaplains at Emory University during World War I.

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A woodcut depicting a skeleton (= Death) leading a procession with a vicar holding the host in a monstrance. The skeleton rings a bell in his left hand and holds a lantern in his right, while holding an hourglass underneath his arm. The woodcut is accompanied by a verse from Wisdom of Solomon 7 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A woodcut depicting a skeleton (= Death) leading a procession with a vicar holding the host in a monstrance. The skeleton rings a bell in his left hand and holds a lantern in his right, while holding an hourglass underneath his arm. The woodcut is accompanied by a verse from Wisdom of Solomon 7 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

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Summary: Writings and disputations, relative to the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Writings and disputations, relative to the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Miscellaneous writings and letters.

Summary: Miscellaneous writings and letters.

Summary: Containing sermons, meditations, examinations, &c.

Summary: Containing sermons, meditations, examinations, &c.

This sermon celebrates Jesus Christ and his love for Christians.

This sermon celebrates Jesus Christ and his love for Christians.

Summary: Second printing of Luther's response to a catechism of the Bohemian Brethren, with special attention to the Adoration of the Host, and to the Real Presence.

Summary: Second printing of Luther's response to a catechism of the Bohemian Brethren, with special attention to the Adoration of the Host, and to the Real Presence.

Summary: After Luther published his "Eight Sermons" of 1522, he decided that there was needed a shorter, more concise statement of these sermons' arguments. This is the third printing of the resulting précis.

Summary: After Luther published his "Eight Sermons" of 1522, he decided that there was needed a shorter, more concise statement of these sermons' arguments. This is the third printing of the resulting précis.

Summary: Luther wrote this "Exhortation to the sacraments" during his stay at Coburg Castle in 1530, during the Diet of Augsburg.

Summary: Luther wrote this "Exhortation to the sacraments" during his stay at Coburg Castle in 1530, during the Diet of Augsburg.

When Luther returned from Wartburg Castle, he preached a series of Eight Sermons in an attempt to restore order in Wittenberg. This tract epitomizes the contents of these sermons.

When Luther returned from Wartburg Castle, he preached a series of Eight Sermons in an attempt to restore order in Wittenberg. This tract epitomizes the contents of these sermons.

Summary: J. Mensing was a Dominican opponent of Luther. Born in either Mageburg or Zutphen, Holland, he studied in Wittenberg and Frankfurt an der Oder, where he took his doctorate. He preached at Mageburg Cathedral 1522-1524 against the Reformers. In 1530, he was one of the Confutators of the Augsburg Confession. In 1534, he became provincial of the Dominicans, and in 1539, suffragan-bishop of Halberstedt. In this tract, Mensing defends Catholic interpretation of the Lord's Supper through references to scripture.

Summary: J. Mensing was a Dominican opponent of Luther. Born in either Mageburg or Zutphen, Holland, he studied in Wittenberg and Frankfurt an der Oder, where he took his doctorate. He preached at Mageburg Cathedral 1522-1524 against the Reformers. In 1530, he was one of the Confutators of the Augsburg Confession. In 1534, he became provincial of the Dominicans, and in 1539, suffragan-bishop of Halberstedt. In this tract, Mensing defends Catholic interpretation of the Lord's Supper through references to scripture.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote numerous tracts on the reception of the sacrament in both kinds. This tract deals especially with those who receive the sacrament, what the signs of the sacrament signify, and what promises are given to those who partake.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote numerous tracts on the reception of the sacrament in both kinds. This tract deals especially with those who receive the sacrament, what the signs of the sacrament signify, and what promises are given to those who partake.

Summary: The term "Evangelical Mass" was coined by the Lutherans as their attempt to shop that it was they and not the Catholics who were the preservers of the true tradition of the Lord's Supper. Bugenhagen was, next to Melanchthon, Luther's closest ally in the Protestant struggle. This tract indicates which attributes the Lutherans believed to be necessary for worthy reception of the Lord's Supper.

Summary: The term "Evangelical Mass" was coined by the Lutherans as their attempt to shop that it was they and not the Catholics who were the preservers of the true tradition of the Lord's Supper. Bugenhagen was, next to Melanchthon, Luther's closest ally in the Protestant struggle. This tract indicates which attributes the Lutherans believed to be necessary for worthy reception of the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Fuller explanation of Luther's 1519 sermon: Vom Sakrament des Leichnams Christi und von den Bruderschaften.

Summary: Fuller explanation of Luther's 1519 sermon: Vom Sakrament des Leichnams Christi und von den Bruderschaften.