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Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on Galatians, first published in 1546/47 and reprinted numerous times.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on Galatians, first published in 1546/47 and reprinted numerous times.

A woodcut depicting Adam and Eve being driven from the garden of Eden by an angel. The woodcut is accompanied by a verse from Genesis 3 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

A woodcut depicting Adam and Eve being driven from the garden of Eden by an angel. The woodcut is accompanied by a verse from Genesis 3 translated into French (top) and then reformatted into verse (bottom).

Summary: A letter by Luther to Pope Leo X. Leo had issued his famous bull 'Exsurge Domine' on June 15 1520, demanding that Luther recant his teachings of face excommunication. Luther responded with this letter in September, seeking to explain his position, calling for the church to reform, while emphasizing that his critiques have been directed against abuses within the church, not against the person or office of the pope.

Summary: A letter by Luther to Pope Leo X. Leo had issued his famous bull 'Exsurge Domine' on June 15 1520, demanding that Luther recant his teachings of face excommunication. Luther responded with this letter in September, seeking to explain his position, calling for the church to reform, while emphasizing that his critiques have been directed against abuses within the church, not against the person or office of the pope.

Summary: Protestants made Savonarola out to be a martyr, even though he would certainly not have supported their views. This commentary on Psalm 51, "Lord have mercy upon me," was written during his imprisonment in 1498. Luther wrote the introduction to this edition.

Summary: Protestants made Savonarola out to be a martyr, even though he would certainly not have supported their views. This commentary on Psalm 51, "Lord have mercy upon me," was written during his imprisonment in 1498. Luther wrote the introduction to this edition.

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's translations from Latin of several Psalms from the Hebrew O.T., and the Epistle to Titus from the Greek N.T.

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's translations from Latin of several Psalms from the Hebrew O.T., and the Epistle to Titus from the Greek N.T.

Summary: Benedict Gretzinger was a city scribe in the town of Reutlingen. In his only known work, which was however published 17 times between 1523 and 1528, he lists 10 fundamental articles of faith, each with short references to the Bible and explanatory notes. The text is close to the children's catechisms by the Bohemian Brethren, published in 1522, which may itself have been influenced by Martin Luther's "Short form of the 10 commandments".

Summary: Benedict Gretzinger was a city scribe in the town of Reutlingen. In his only known work, which was however published 17 times between 1523 and 1528, he lists 10 fundamental articles of faith, each with short references to the Bible and explanatory notes. The text is close to the children's catechisms by the Bohemian Brethren, published in 1522, which may itself have been influenced by Martin Luther's "Short form of the 10 commandments".

Summary: Fifth edition of Erasmus' Colloquies, a collection of dialogues on Latin conversation and good behavior first published in 1518 as an excercise book for Erasmus's students.

Summary: Fifth edition of Erasmus' Colloquies, a collection of dialogues on Latin conversation and good behavior first published in 1518 as an excercise book for Erasmus's students.

Summary: Instructions for inquisitors in the Netherlands (Lower Germany), published by the Lutheran reformer Matthias Flacius to call attention to the persecution of Protestants. Flacius intended this report to underscore his opposition to any compromises with the Catholic Church, even in liturgical matters, as permitted by the Augsburg Interim of 1548.

Summary: Instructions for inquisitors in the Netherlands (Lower Germany), published by the Lutheran reformer Matthias Flacius to call attention to the persecution of Protestants. Flacius intended this report to underscore his opposition to any compromises with the Catholic Church, even in liturgical matters, as permitted by the Augsburg Interim of 1548.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: Joseph Klug printed the first collection of hymns that Luther prepared specifically for congregational use in Wittenberg in 1529. It followed the church year closely and was revised and reprinted several times. The renowned hymnal printed by Valentin Bapst (Geystlicher Lieder'; Leipzig, 1545) may be seen as a later edition of the Klug hymnal. (Robin Leaver, "Hymnals," in 'The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation' (1996) 2:286-89.)

Summary: Joseph Klug printed the first collection of hymns that Luther prepared specifically for congregational use in Wittenberg in 1529. It followed the church year closely and was revised and reprinted several times. The renowned hymnal printed by Valentin Bapst (Geystlicher Lieder'; Leipzig, 1545) may be seen as a later edition of the Klug hymnal. (Robin Leaver, "Hymnals," in 'The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation' (1996) 2:286-89.)

Additional details: The "Monita" or Robert Boyd and also his "Hecatombe Christian" have special t.p.'s and separate paging.

Additional details: The "Monita" or Robert Boyd and also his "Hecatombe Christian" have special t.p.'s and separate paging.

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Summary: Rare early printing of Melanchthon's biography of Luther.

Summary: Rare early printing of Melanchthon's biography of Luther.

Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.

Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.

A woodcut border to Johan Bugenhagen's De coniugio episcoporum et diaconorum : ad venerandum doctorem VVolffgangum Reissenbusch monasterij Lichtembergensis Praeceptorem printed in 1525. The border is composed of one woodcut depicting a group of dancing cherubs (sides and bottom) and a group of cherubs playing instruments (top).

A woodcut border to Johan Bugenhagen's De coniugio episcoporum et diaconorum : ad venerandum doctorem VVolffgangum Reissenbusch monasterij Lichtembergensis Praeceptorem printed in 1525. The border is composed of one woodcut depicting a group of dancing cherubs (sides and bottom) and a group of cherubs playing instruments (top).

An engraved border to Descrizione di Roma moderna formata nvovamente. The engraving depicts a pair of figures, one holding a cross and chalice and the other holding an anchor flanking a crest with three bees (the Barberini family) crowned by a galero (bottom), a pair of cherubs with shields (one with the papal keys and the other with S.P.Q.R.

An engraved border to Descrizione di Roma moderna formata nvovamente. The engraving depicts a pair of figures, one holding a cross and chalice and the other holding an anchor flanking a crest with three bees (the Barberini family) crowned by a galero (bottom), a pair of cherubs with shields (one with the papal keys and the other with S.P.Q.R.

A woodcut border to the New deudsch Psalter printed in 1528. The border consists of a single woodcut depicting a bird flanked by decorative elements (top), a pair of cherub heads with plant motifs (sides), and God or Jesus Christ holding a globus cruciger and flanked by cherubs (bottom).

A woodcut border to the New deudsch Psalter printed in 1528. The border consists of a single woodcut depicting a bird flanked by decorative elements (top), a pair of cherub heads with plant motifs (sides), and God or Jesus Christ holding a globus cruciger and flanked by cherubs (bottom).

The title page of Sebastian Münster's Arukh ha-shorashot = Dictionarium Hebraicum : nunc primum aeditum & typis excusum : Adiectis Chaldaicis uocabulis non parum multis featuring the printer's mark of Johann Froben, a pair of hands supporting a caduceus.

The title page of Sebastian Münster's Arukh ha-shorashot = Dictionarium Hebraicum : nunc primum aeditum & typis excusum : Adiectis Chaldaicis uocabulis non parum multis featuring the printer's mark of Johann Froben, a pair of hands supporting a caduceus.

The title page of Clarorum virorum epistolae Latinae, Graecae, & Hebraicae : uarijs temporibus missae ad Ioannem Reuchlin Phorcensem, LL. Doctorem featuring the printer's mark of Christoph Froschauer which depicts a tree bearing a banner with his name and surrounded with frogs (a play on "Froschauer" which means "frog meadow").

The title page of Clarorum virorum epistolae Latinae, Graecae, & Hebraicae : uarijs temporibus missae ad Ioannem Reuchlin Phorcensem, LL. Doctorem featuring the printer's mark of Christoph Froschauer which depicts a tree bearing a banner with his name and surrounded with frogs (a play on "Froschauer" which means "frog meadow").