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Summary: One of six 1523 editions of a collection of sermons delivered by Luther in 1522, directed against A. Karlstadt.

Summary: One of six 1523 editions of a collection of sermons delivered by Luther in 1522, directed against A. Karlstadt.

Summary: Johann Eck responds in this early work to Luther's pamphlet "Contra malignum Iohannis Eccii iudicium."

Summary: Johann Eck responds in this early work to Luther's pamphlet "Contra malignum Iohannis Eccii iudicium."

Summary: Sermon preached June 9, 1522, on John III, 16, "For God so loved the world ..."

Summary: Sermon preached June 9, 1522, on John III, 16, "For God so loved the world ..."

Summary: A sermon by Luther admonishing the directing of one's attentions not to the wealth of the church and its relics, but to the needs of the poor.

Summary: A sermon by Luther admonishing the directing of one's attentions not to the wealth of the church and its relics, but to the needs of the poor.

Summary: Polemical dialogue between a peasant and a monk, who had lost his livelihood after the dissolution of his monastery. The peasant advises the monk to try his hand at "real work".

Summary: Polemical dialogue between a peasant and a monk, who had lost his livelihood after the dissolution of his monastery. The peasant advises the monk to try his hand at "real work".

Summary: Sermon preached June 9, 1522, on John 3:16 (God So Loved The World).

Summary: Sermon preached June 9, 1522, on John 3:16 (God So Loved The World).

Summary: Luther's reply to a letter from Duke Albrecht of Brandenburg, concerning the interpretation of John VI with reference to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Luther's reply to a letter from Duke Albrecht of Brandenburg, concerning the interpretation of John VI with reference to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Sixth printing of a letter addressed to Albrecht von Brandenburg (later Albert, Duke of Prussia) the new General of the Teutonic Knights. In response to a question by the general, Luther applies his critique of monastic celibacy to military orders, stressing that it is pleasing to God to have families and to raise children.

Summary: Sixth printing of a letter addressed to Albrecht von Brandenburg (later Albert, Duke of Prussia) the new General of the Teutonic Knights. In response to a question by the general, Luther applies his critique of monastic celibacy to military orders, stressing that it is pleasing to God to have families and to raise children.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

Summary: Only edition of an early work by Karlstadt addressing questions of what constitutes a Christian life.

Summary: Only edition of an early work by Karlstadt addressing questions of what constitutes a Christian life.

This view of the Belvedere Gardens and Courtyard at the Vatican is particularly important since it shows the courtyard as it was originally designed by Donato Bramante in 1505. Bramante's design offered an unobstructed prospect from the papal apartments (at left) through the length of the courtyard to the exedra, the semi-circular structure at the right of the image. This perspectival view was later blocked by the construction of a library for Pope Sixtus V in 1587-89.

This view of the Belvedere Gardens and Courtyard at the Vatican is particularly important since it shows the courtyard as it was originally designed by Donato Bramante in 1505. Bramante's design offered an unobstructed prospect from the papal apartments (at left) through the length of the courtyard to the exedra, the semi-circular structure at the right of the image. This perspectival view was later blocked by the construction of a library for Pope Sixtus V in 1587-89.

Summary: When Blarer was asked by Duke Ulrich of Württemberg to introduce the Reformation in the duchy, he tried to mediate between Zwingli and the Lutherans in the matter of the eucharist. He came to Stuttgart in 1534 to support a compromise and was criticized for abandoning the position he had held while still in Konstanz. In this tract he defends himself against these criticisms and affirms his support of the Stuttgart Concord.

Summary: When Blarer was asked by Duke Ulrich of Württemberg to introduce the Reformation in the duchy, he tried to mediate between Zwingli and the Lutherans in the matter of the eucharist. He came to Stuttgart in 1534 to support a compromise and was criticized for abandoning the position he had held while still in Konstanz. In this tract he defends himself against these criticisms and affirms his support of the Stuttgart Concord.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: C. Schatzgeyer here writes on the veneration of the saints, the "friends of God". Catholic theology makes a sharp distinction between paying honor to saints (dulia) and worship of God (latria). This is the first printing of this work. No one knows for sure when it was written and printed.

Summary: C. Schatzgeyer here writes on the veneration of the saints, the "friends of God". Catholic theology makes a sharp distinction between paying honor to saints (dulia) and worship of God (latria). This is the first printing of this work. No one knows for sure when it was written and printed.

Summary: Johannes Brenz had written the first Protestant catechism in 1527, two years before Luther issued his large and small catechisms. This is a 1552 printing of the work.

Summary: Johannes Brenz had written the first Protestant catechism in 1527, two years before Luther issued his large and small catechisms. This is a 1552 printing of the work.

Summary: Third printing of the Ansbach Catechism by Andreas Althamer and Johannes Rurer, commissioned by Margrave Georg of Brandenburg. It has been called the first regional catechism of the Protestant movement. It contains 92 questions and answers as well as an appendix with 18 prayers.

Summary: Third printing of the Ansbach Catechism by Andreas Althamer and Johannes Rurer, commissioned by Margrave Georg of Brandenburg. It has been called the first regional catechism of the Protestant movement. It contains 92 questions and answers as well as an appendix with 18 prayers.

Summary: Lecture delivered to the faculty and students of the University of Wittenberg on "the perils of these times" by Kaspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon's son-in-law. The perils to which he refers are the military threat of the Turks to the east, and the plague.

Summary: Lecture delivered to the faculty and students of the University of Wittenberg on "the perils of these times" by Kaspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon's son-in-law. The perils to which he refers are the military threat of the Turks to the east, and the plague.

Summary: Response by Mathias Flacius Illyricus, among the strictest of the Lutheran theologians of his time, to the views of the early Reformer of Nürnberg, Andreas Osiander, on Justification. Osiander emphasized the believer's being made righteous, as opposed to being declared righteous through Christ. Flacius reports on the title page that he had shared his views on this issue privately in writing with friends, but that they had been published without his permission and in a form unacceptable to him. This edition represents the official response by Flacius.

Summary: Response by Mathias Flacius Illyricus, among the strictest of the Lutheran theologians of his time, to the views of the early Reformer of Nürnberg, Andreas Osiander, on Justification. Osiander emphasized the believer's being made righteous, as opposed to being declared righteous through Christ. Flacius reports on the title page that he had shared his views on this issue privately in writing with friends, but that they had been published without his permission and in a form unacceptable to him. This edition represents the official response by Flacius.

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Summary: Composed by Erasmus of Rotterdam, at the latest, in 1533, this tract on preparing for death first appeared in printed form in Basel at the beginning of 1534. This printing was followed by the Cologne printing in April. It is dedicated to Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (1477-1539), the father of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Summary: Composed by Erasmus of Rotterdam, at the latest, in 1533, this tract on preparing for death first appeared in printed form in Basel at the beginning of 1534. This printing was followed by the Cologne printing in April. It is dedicated to Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (1477-1539), the father of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Summary: A call for concord and harmony in the church by one of the great Humanists of the time.

Summary: A call for concord and harmony in the church by one of the great Humanists of the time.

Summary: First edition of the second Latin translation of Luther's Large Catechism, published earlier the same year. This translation was done Vincentius Opsopäus (Vinzenz Heidecker). Issued with it is the first Latin edition of Johann Brenz's catechism, first published in German in 1528 under the title "Fragstuck des christlichen Glaube[n]s für die Jugend zu Schwebische[n] Hall]."

Summary: First edition of the second Latin translation of Luther's Large Catechism, published earlier the same year. This translation was done Vincentius Opsopäus (Vinzenz Heidecker). Issued with it is the first Latin edition of Johann Brenz's catechism, first published in German in 1528 under the title "Fragstuck des christlichen Glaube[n]s für die Jugend zu Schwebische[n] Hall]."

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Summary: The sixth printing (of ten in 1523) of Luther's early treatise, "That Jesus Christ was born a Jew", in which he denies the charges made against him that he did not believe in the Virgin Birth, but rather that Jesus was a naturally born child of Joseph and Mary. In this tract, Luther confesses that he believes that Jesus was born a Jew of the Virgin Mary. He also hopes that his teaching will bring more Jews to convert to Christianity.

Summary: The sixth printing (of ten in 1523) of Luther's early treatise, "That Jesus Christ was born a Jew", in which he denies the charges made against him that he did not believe in the Virgin Birth, but rather that Jesus was a naturally born child of Joseph and Mary. In this tract, Luther confesses that he believes that Jesus was born a Jew of the Virgin Mary. He also hopes that his teaching will bring more Jews to convert to Christianity.

Summary: The fifth printing of Luther's early treatise, "That Jesus Christ was born a Jew", in which he denies the charges made against him that he did not believe in the Virgin Birth, but rather that Jesus was a naturally born child of Joseph and Mary. In this tract, Luther confesses that he believes that Jesus was born a Jew of the Virgin Mary. He also hopes that his teaching will bring more Jews to convert to Christianity.

Summary: The fifth printing of Luther's early treatise, "That Jesus Christ was born a Jew", in which he denies the charges made against him that he did not believe in the Virgin Birth, but rather that Jesus was a naturally born child of Joseph and Mary. In this tract, Luther confesses that he believes that Jesus was born a Jew of the Virgin Mary. He also hopes that his teaching will bring more Jews to convert to Christianity.

Summary: German translation by Martin Luther's colleague, Justus Jonas, of "De servo arbitrio". "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Luther's greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace.

Summary: German translation by Martin Luther's colleague, Justus Jonas, of "De servo arbitrio". "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Luther's greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace.

Summary: Early edition of Erasmus' treatise on free human will and its limits.

Summary: Early edition of Erasmus' treatise on free human will and its limits.

Summary: Kilian Leib was the prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf near Ingolstadt. He was a vehement opponent of the Lutheran movement and was involved in the drafting of the Confutatio Augustana. In this tract he defends priestly celibacy and chastity.

Summary: Kilian Leib was the prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf near Ingolstadt. He was a vehement opponent of the Lutheran movement and was involved in the drafting of the Confutatio Augustana. In this tract he defends priestly celibacy and chastity.

Summary: A letter by Hieronymus Emser, early opponent of Luther concerning the Leipzig Disputation of 1519, describing Luther's debate with Johann Eck, and Luther's admitting that councils could err.

Summary: A letter by Hieronymus Emser, early opponent of Luther concerning the Leipzig Disputation of 1519, describing Luther's debate with Johann Eck, and Luther's admitting that councils could err.

Summary: Tract on the history of Divine Revelation, tracing the teachers of the church from the Creation to the author's own time, by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Tract on the history of Divine Revelation, tracing the teachers of the church from the Creation to the author's own time, by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Letter by a counsel of preachers in the city of Hamburg to Philipp Melanchthon regarding the adiaphoristic controversy regarding the re-introduction of some Catholic elements into the liturgy, which Melanchthon viewed as harmless and permissible. Melanchthon's reply is also included in this short booklet.

Summary: Letter by a counsel of preachers in the city of Hamburg to Philipp Melanchthon regarding the adiaphoristic controversy regarding the re-introduction of some Catholic elements into the liturgy, which Melanchthon viewed as harmless and permissible. Melanchthon's reply is also included in this short booklet.

Summary: An important treatise on human free will by Martin Luther, responding to Erasmus' work De libero arbitrio.

Summary: An important treatise on human free will by Martin Luther, responding to Erasmus' work De libero arbitrio.

Summary: "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Martin Luther' greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace. His tract is a response to Desiderius Erasmus', "De libero arbitrio (Concerning Free Will)." Erasmus defends the view that salvation is by Divine grace, but wants to leave some room for a person's moral motivation.

Summary: "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Martin Luther' greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace. His tract is a response to Desiderius Erasmus', "De libero arbitrio (Concerning Free Will)." Erasmus defends the view that salvation is by Divine grace, but wants to leave some room for a person's moral motivation.

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Summary: A history of Venice.

Summary: A history of Venice.

Summary: Response by Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian Visitor General of the Augustinian Order, who fled to Switzerland rather than face charges of heresy, to the books of English Catholic, Richard Smith, on celibacy and monastic vows.

Summary: Response by Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian Visitor General of the Augustinian Order, who fled to Switzerland rather than face charges of heresy, to the books of English Catholic, Richard Smith, on celibacy and monastic vows.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

This is a 1523 printing of Martin Luther's popular sermon on the Ten Commandments and the Seven Deadly Sins, first printed in 1520 and reprinted numerous times. The work was originally composed in Latin and was translated into German by the cartographer and Christian Hebraist Sebastian Münster.

This is a 1523 printing of Martin Luther's popular sermon on the Ten Commandments and the Seven Deadly Sins, first printed in 1520 and reprinted numerous times. The work was originally composed in Latin and was translated into German by the cartographer and Christian Hebraist Sebastian Münster.

Summary: First published in Latin in 1523, Luther defines in this tract the order of the Sunday worship service and the distribution of communion. This pamphlet is an important forerunner of Luther's "Deutsche Messe" (German Mass) published in 1526.

Summary: First published in Latin in 1523, Luther defines in this tract the order of the Sunday worship service and the distribution of communion. This pamphlet is an important forerunner of Luther's "Deutsche Messe" (German Mass) published in 1526.

Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: A response by Luther to the accusations leveled at him at the Leipzig Disputation by his opponent, Johann Eck.

Summary: A response by Luther to the accusations leveled at him at the Leipzig Disputation by his opponent, Johann Eck.

Summary: Unique printing of the original notarial protocol of the Leipzig Disputation between Andreas Karlstadt and Martin Luther on the one hand, and Johann Eck, on the other. Includes fully two thirds of the several day debate, and all of the famous "duel" between Luther and Eck on authority in the church. The debates were copied by two notaries, and, at the end of each day's sessions, were verified by two witnesses.

Summary: Unique printing of the original notarial protocol of the Leipzig Disputation between Andreas Karlstadt and Martin Luther on the one hand, and Johann Eck, on the other. Includes fully two thirds of the several day debate, and all of the famous "duel" between Luther and Eck on authority in the church. The debates were copied by two notaries, and, at the end of each day's sessions, were verified by two witnesses.

Summary: Since the city of Augsburg was fairly evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant in the early 1520s, several Anabaptists hoped that their movement might benefit from this stalemate. Eitelhans Langenmantel attacks both Catholics and Lutherans, whom he called neo-Papists. His critique in this pamphlet focuses on the eucharist, which Langenmantel views in Zwinglian terms as a symbolic commemoration of the Last Supper. Like many other Anabaptists in Augsburg, Langenmantel was arrested and executed in 1527.

Summary: Since the city of Augsburg was fairly evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant in the early 1520s, several Anabaptists hoped that their movement might benefit from this stalemate. Eitelhans Langenmantel attacks both Catholics and Lutherans, whom he called neo-Papists. His critique in this pamphlet focuses on the eucharist, which Langenmantel views in Zwinglian terms as a symbolic commemoration of the Last Supper. Like many other Anabaptists in Augsburg, Langenmantel was arrested and executed in 1527.

Summary: Despite his lack of success in appealing to the Pope for an Ecumenical Council in 1518, Luther repeats his call in this pamphlet, combining it with a special appeal to the emperor and to the German princes. This is the first printing of this work, produced outside the city of Wittenberg.

Summary: Despite his lack of success in appealing to the Pope for an Ecumenical Council in 1518, Luther repeats his call in this pamphlet, combining it with a special appeal to the emperor and to the German princes. This is the first printing of this work, produced outside the city of Wittenberg.

Summary: Luther's "Theses on Monasticisms" came about as a partial response to Melanchthon's essay in Loci Communes. Melanchthon revised this section of the Loci to take Luther's criticism into account. Luther's work was translated into German by at least three translators none of whom can be named with certainty.

Summary: Luther's "Theses on Monasticisms" came about as a partial response to Melanchthon's essay in Loci Communes. Melanchthon revised this section of the Loci to take Luther's criticism into account. Luther's work was translated into German by at least three translators none of whom can be named with certainty.

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Summary: Early edition of a Lutheran prayer-book.

Summary: Early edition of a Lutheran prayer-book.

Summary: Augustinus Alveldt, a Franciscan teacher, and later provincial head of the order, here responds to Luther's tract, "Von dem Papsttum zu Rom," in which Luther explains his views on the Papacy.

Summary: Augustinus Alveldt, a Franciscan teacher, and later provincial head of the order, here responds to Luther's tract, "Von dem Papsttum zu Rom," in which Luther explains his views on the Papacy.

Summary: An early sermon by Luther on Indulgences and Grace. First appearing in 1518, this work went through fully fourteen printings in that year alone.

Summary: An early sermon by Luther on Indulgences and Grace. First appearing in 1518, this work went through fully fourteen printings in that year alone.

Summary: 1545 printing of a work by Luther on intercessory prayer, first published in 1535.

Summary: 1545 printing of a work by Luther on intercessory prayer, first published in 1535.

Summary: A 1558 printing of a work on rhetoric by Philipp Melanchthon. The work includes correspondence on the subject by two late-15th century Italian humanists.

Summary: A 1558 printing of a work on rhetoric by Philipp Melanchthon. The work includes correspondence on the subject by two late-15th century Italian humanists.

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Summary: A 1565 printing of Luther's Small Catechism.

Summary: A 1565 printing of Luther's Small Catechism.

Summary: Second illustrated edition of Valentin Babst's publication of Luther's small catechism.

Summary: Second illustrated edition of Valentin Babst's publication of Luther's small catechism.

Summary: First printing of an open letter by Luther to the church of Erfurt on the subject of prayers to the saints.

Summary: First printing of an open letter by Luther to the church of Erfurt on the subject of prayers to the saints.

Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.

Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.

Summary: First edition, first issue of an educational emblem book based on various aspects of nature and human nature with 100 engraved emblems by Jan Luiken (41 images) and Caspar Luiken (59 images). Each emblem is accompanied by a 10-line Latin verse in letterpress by the German engraver and publisher Johann Christoph Weigel.

Summary: First edition, first issue of an educational emblem book based on various aspects of nature and human nature with 100 engraved emblems by Jan Luiken (41 images) and Caspar Luiken (59 images). Each emblem is accompanied by a 10-line Latin verse in letterpress by the German engraver and publisher Johann Christoph Weigel.

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Summary: An extract from a work by Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf on finding redemption through Christ.

Summary: An extract from a work by Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf on finding redemption through Christ.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: One of nine 1524 printings of this short anti-monastic tract by the Nuremberg cobbler and playright Hans Sachs.

Summary: First edition of a sermon by Martin Luther on the judgment and righteousness of God. In the second part of the sermon Luther denies the judicial authority of the pope and councils.

Summary: First edition of a sermon by Martin Luther on the judgment and righteousness of God. In the second part of the sermon Luther denies the judicial authority of the pope and councils.

Summary: Second Wittenberg (and first 1520) printing of a sermon by Luther on the Sacrament of Baptism.

Summary: Second Wittenberg (and first 1520) printing of a sermon by Luther on the Sacrament of Baptism.

Summary: Second of eleven printings, and the second of two Wittenberg printings with t.p. in red and black, of a sermon by Luther on the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Second of eleven printings, and the second of two Wittenberg printings with t.p. in red and black, of a sermon by Luther on the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Refutation, by Luther, of the teaching of Purgatory.

Summary: Refutation, by Luther, of the teaching of Purgatory.

Summary: One of several 1530 editions of a tract in which Luther rejects the Catholic doctrine of purgatory, a topic not addressed in the Augsburg Confessions.

Summary: One of several 1530 editions of a tract in which Luther rejects the Catholic doctrine of purgatory, a topic not addressed in the Augsburg Confessions.

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's translations from Latin of several Psalms from the Hebrew O.T., and the Epistle to Titus from the Greek N.T.

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's translations from Latin of several Psalms from the Hebrew O.T., and the Epistle to Titus from the Greek N.T.

Summary: Anti-monastic tract by Hans Sachs, shoemaker, poet, and dramatist of Nürnberg, and strong supporter of Luther.

Summary: Anti-monastic tract by Hans Sachs, shoemaker, poet, and dramatist of Nürnberg, and strong supporter of Luther.

Summary: A sermon by Martin Luther on Matthew 5,20 "unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven."

Summary: A sermon by Martin Luther on Matthew 5,20 "unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven."

Summary: Benedict Gretzinger was a city scribe in the town of Reutlingen. In his only known work, which was however published 17 times between 1523 and 1528, he lists 10 fundamental articles of faith, each with short references to the Bible and explanatory notes. The text is close to the children's catechisms by the Bohemian Brethren, published in 1522, which may itself have been influenced by Martin Luther's "Short form of the 10 commandments".

Summary: Benedict Gretzinger was a city scribe in the town of Reutlingen. In his only known work, which was however published 17 times between 1523 and 1528, he lists 10 fundamental articles of faith, each with short references to the Bible and explanatory notes. The text is close to the children's catechisms by the Bohemian Brethren, published in 1522, which may itself have been influenced by Martin Luther's "Short form of the 10 commandments".

Summary: Fifth edition of Erasmus' Colloquies, a collection of dialogues on Latin conversation and good behavior first published in 1518 as an excercise book for Erasmus's students.

Summary: Fifth edition of Erasmus' Colloquies, a collection of dialogues on Latin conversation and good behavior first published in 1518 as an excercise book for Erasmus's students.

A work on the process of reduction and inductive reasoning, the precursor of the scientific method.

A work on the process of reduction and inductive reasoning, the precursor of the scientific method.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: An appeal to religious leaders to take interest in the effort to repeal the Test Acts, a set of penal laws blocking non-Anglicans from taking public office.

Summary: An appeal to religious leaders to take interest in the effort to repeal the Test Acts, a set of penal laws blocking non-Anglicans from taking public office.

Summary: Translation, with additions, of Platina's Vitae pontificum.

Summary: Translation, with additions, of Platina's Vitae pontificum.

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Summary: This is an early Italian response to Martin Luther, attacking the schismatic monk on his own terms, in the vernacular for the benefit of laymen or simplici, as advertised on the title-page. The work is quite broad in its criticism and aims to refute not only Luther and his followers, but all heretics and even Jews.

Summary: This is an early Italian response to Martin Luther, attacking the schismatic monk on his own terms, in the vernacular for the benefit of laymen or simplici, as advertised on the title-page. The work is quite broad in its criticism and aims to refute not only Luther and his followers, but all heretics and even Jews.

Summary: One of three reprints from the year of its first publication, this work by Melanchthon is one of the earliest textbooks for the study of rhetoric as an integral part of an education in the liberal arts.

Summary: One of three reprints from the year of its first publication, this work by Melanchthon is one of the earliest textbooks for the study of rhetoric as an integral part of an education in the liberal arts.

Summary: Reuchlin had visited Rome in 1490, where he was introduced to Rabbinic literature as well as the cabala.

Summary: Reuchlin had visited Rome in 1490, where he was introduced to Rabbinic literature as well as the cabala.

Summary: Formal opinion of Siegfried Saccus, schoolmaster at Magdeburg and later its first Lutheran cathedral preacher, concerning the right of the city government to appoint clergy. As a follower of the strict Lutheran Nicholas von Amsdorff, he steered a careful path between the views of the local Catholic hierarchy on the one hand, and those of the Münster Anabaptists, on the other. Although Magdeburg became a refuge of the strict Lutheran party following the Schmalkald War, the city council was late in making an official decision for or against the Reformation.

Summary: Formal opinion of Siegfried Saccus, schoolmaster at Magdeburg and later its first Lutheran cathedral preacher, concerning the right of the city government to appoint clergy. As a follower of the strict Lutheran Nicholas von Amsdorff, he steered a careful path between the views of the local Catholic hierarchy on the one hand, and those of the Münster Anabaptists, on the other. Although Magdeburg became a refuge of the strict Lutheran party following the Schmalkald War, the city council was late in making an official decision for or against the Reformation.

Summary: The Second Council of Pisa (1511-1512), also known as the Conciliabulum of Pisa, was a French initiative to limit the power of Pope Julius II and to strengthen the power of the conciliarists. Pope Julius II condemned the meeting and in response convoked the Fifth Lateran Council, which secured papal authority over conciliarism. This is the first edition of a record of the council published by Jean Petit for a French readership.

Summary: The Second Council of Pisa (1511-1512), also known as the Conciliabulum of Pisa, was a French initiative to limit the power of Pope Julius II and to strengthen the power of the conciliarists. Pope Julius II condemned the meeting and in response convoked the Fifth Lateran Council, which secured papal authority over conciliarism. This is the first edition of a record of the council published by Jean Petit for a French readership.

Summary: J. de Sacro Bosco was an English mathematician who taught in Paris after 1230. This work on astronomy was only the second by a Western scholar based on Arabic researches to be printed (1472). The book was frequently reprinted as here with a commentary by a famous modern scholar, in this case Melanchthon. Melanchthon's interest in astrology is well known, so it was natural for him to edit this material.

Summary: J. de Sacro Bosco was an English mathematician who taught in Paris after 1230. This work on astronomy was only the second by a Western scholar based on Arabic researches to be printed (1472). The book was frequently reprinted as here with a commentary by a famous modern scholar, in this case Melanchthon. Melanchthon's interest in astrology is well known, so it was natural for him to edit this material.

Summary: A 1525 printing of this most famous of all Melanchthon's theological works, first published in Wittenberg in 1521. The Loci Communes represent the most comrehensive systematic theology of the Lutheran reformation. Melanchthon continued to revise this work throughout his life.

Summary: A 1525 printing of this most famous of all Melanchthon's theological works, first published in Wittenberg in 1521. The Loci Communes represent the most comrehensive systematic theology of the Lutheran reformation. Melanchthon continued to revise this work throughout his life.

Summary: De laudibus sanctae crucis (On the praise of the Holy Cross) is a collection of poems and figures, including geometric shapes, letters, drawings and even complex miniatures produced in the early 9th century in the scriptorium of the Abbey at Fulda under the direction of Hrabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz, who also provided the commentary found in the work. The book is an important testimony to Carolingian book art.

Summary: De laudibus sanctae crucis (On the praise of the Holy Cross) is a collection of poems and figures, including geometric shapes, letters, drawings and even complex miniatures produced in the early 9th century in the scriptorium of the Abbey at Fulda under the direction of Hrabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz, who also provided the commentary found in the work. The book is an important testimony to Carolingian book art.

Summary: Popular doctrinal theology by the Lutheran reformer Johann Spangenberg, based on Melanchthon's Loci Communes, and written for use by pastors and ministers. The work was first published in 1540 and was re-issued and translated numerous times.

Summary: Popular doctrinal theology by the Lutheran reformer Johann Spangenberg, based on Melanchthon's Loci Communes, and written for use by pastors and ministers. The work was first published in 1540 and was re-issued and translated numerous times.

A description of the customs of indigenous peoples of the Americas as recorded by colonizing forces.

A description of the customs of indigenous peoples of the Americas as recorded by colonizing forces.

Summary: A travelogue detailing the areas of Durham and Northumberland.

Summary: A travelogue detailing the areas of Durham and Northumberland.

Summary: The Black Death ravaged Europe from the fourteenth century onward. Dr. Johann Hess, a pastor from Breslau, asked Luther in 1527 whether it was permissible for a person to flee from plague-infested areas. Luther replied that it was, and then added some public health advice for town and city government officials in plague-ravaged areas. He advocated fumigation of this, the seventh printing of the work.

Summary: The Black Death ravaged Europe from the fourteenth century onward. Dr. Johann Hess, a pastor from Breslau, asked Luther in 1527 whether it was permissible for a person to flee from plague-infested areas. Luther replied that it was, and then added some public health advice for town and city government officials in plague-ravaged areas. He advocated fumigation of this, the seventh printing of the work.

Summary: The Black Death ravaged Europe from the fourteenth century onward. Dr. Johann Hess, a pastor from Breslau, asked Luther in 1527 whether it was permissible for a person to flee from plague-infested areas. Luther replied that it was, and then added some public health advice for town and city government officials in plague-ravaged areas.

Summary: The Black Death ravaged Europe from the fourteenth century onward. Dr. Johann Hess, a pastor from Breslau, asked Luther in 1527 whether it was permissible for a person to flee from plague-infested areas. Luther replied that it was, and then added some public health advice for town and city government officials in plague-ravaged areas.

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Summary: This work on restitution usury and excommunication by Franciscus de Platea, an Italian Franciscan, was printed nine times in the 15th century, this edition being the second.

Summary: This work on restitution usury and excommunication by Franciscus de Platea, an Italian Franciscan, was printed nine times in the 15th century, this edition being the second.

Summary: Early guidance by Luther on how a Christian ought to approach and receive the Lord's Supper. Includes the Words of Institution, the Aaronic Benediction, and a series of questions that ought to be put to everyone wishing to receive the Sacrament, with appropriate answers.

Summary: Early guidance by Luther on how a Christian ought to approach and receive the Lord's Supper. Includes the Words of Institution, the Aaronic Benediction, and a series of questions that ought to be put to everyone wishing to receive the Sacrament, with appropriate answers.

Summary: A collection of works on astronomy, including works by Pierre Gassendi, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler.

Summary: A collection of works on astronomy, including works by Pierre Gassendi, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler.

Summary: First German printing of this treatise by Philipp Melanchthon on the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

Summary: First German printing of this treatise by Philipp Melanchthon on the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

Summary: "Editio princeps of perhaps the most influential religious emblem books" (Landwehr). Herman Hugo (1588-1629), born in Brussels, joined the Jesuit order in 1605, became Spinola's father confessor and accompanied the general in all his campaigns. He died of the plague at Reinberg. The engravings in this beautifully illustrated emblem book are attributed to Boetius à Bolswert (Boëce van Bolswert: ca. 1580-1633), who also is noted as the publisher (one illustration is signed "W. Simpson sculp.").

Summary: "Editio princeps of perhaps the most influential religious emblem books" (Landwehr). Herman Hugo (1588-1629), born in Brussels, joined the Jesuit order in 1605, became Spinola's father confessor and accompanied the general in all his campaigns. He died of the plague at Reinberg. The engravings in this beautifully illustrated emblem book are attributed to Boetius à Bolswert (Boëce van Bolswert: ca. 1580-1633), who also is noted as the publisher (one illustration is signed "W. Simpson sculp.").

The lower third of Falda's plan shows the Belvedere Court designed in 1505 by Donato Bramante for Pope Julius II (1503-1513) to link the palace with a fifteenth-century villa on the grounds. The small courtyard (no. 9 on the plan) at the lower right housed the incomparable collection of ancient sculpture begun by Pope Julius which included such works as the Laocoon.

The lower third of Falda's plan shows the Belvedere Court designed in 1505 by Donato Bramante for Pope Julius II (1503-1513) to link the palace with a fifteenth-century villa on the grounds. The small courtyard (no. 9 on the plan) at the lower right housed the incomparable collection of ancient sculpture begun by Pope Julius which included such works as the Laocoon.

Summary: The Pontificale Romanum contains the liturgical rites for the sacraments of confirmation and Holy orders performed by bishops. The work is called "liber pontificalis" (pontifical or papal book) here, as books bearing pontifical authority often were prior to the 16th century, but it should not be confused with the papal annals, also called Liber Pontificalis, which is used by historians of the early Roman Church

Summary: The Pontificale Romanum contains the liturgical rites for the sacraments of confirmation and Holy orders performed by bishops. The work is called "liber pontificalis" (pontifical or papal book) here, as books bearing pontifical authority often were prior to the 16th century, but it should not be confused with the papal annals, also called Liber Pontificalis, which is used by historians of the early Roman Church

Summary: Second German edition of Johannes Brenz' postil or lectionary sermons, presented in three parts. The fourth part is a harmony and interpretation of the four Gospel passion stories.

Summary: Second German edition of Johannes Brenz' postil or lectionary sermons, presented in three parts. The fourth part is a harmony and interpretation of the four Gospel passion stories.

Summary: Collection of documents issued by theologians in the Duchy of Württemberg and Victorinus Strigel concerning Strigel's Psalms commentary and his position in the synergistic controversy. Strigel supported the Philippist position that human will contributes to salvation, an idea that was rejected by the gnesio-Lutherans and by most of the theologians in Württemberg.

Summary: Collection of documents issued by theologians in the Duchy of Württemberg and Victorinus Strigel concerning Strigel's Psalms commentary and his position in the synergistic controversy. Strigel supported the Philippist position that human will contributes to salvation, an idea that was rejected by the gnesio-Lutherans and by most of the theologians in Württemberg.

Summary: First edition of this beautifully illustrated Jesuit emblem book. The work is dedicated to Leopold Archduke of Austria with a full-page dedicatory illustration and 162 numbered etched text emblems.

Summary: First edition of this beautifully illustrated Jesuit emblem book. The work is dedicated to Leopold Archduke of Austria with a full-page dedicatory illustration and 162 numbered etched text emblems.

Summary: A map of Rome including illustrations of historic buildings and churches of the city; and also includes names and insignia of the 14 regions of the city of Rome.

Summary: A map of Rome including illustrations of historic buildings and churches of the city; and also includes names and insignia of the 14 regions of the city of Rome.

Summary: An extract from a work by John Norris on moral conduct and education. This is bound as no. 2 in Wesley Tract, vol. X.

Summary: An extract from a work by John Norris on moral conduct and education. This is bound as no. 2 in Wesley Tract, vol. X.

Summary: This is the fifth printing of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition, on the power of the Pope, prepared for the Leipzig Disputation.

Summary: This is the fifth printing of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition, on the power of the Pope, prepared for the Leipzig Disputation.

Summary: An analysis by Luther of the propositions debated by him, his colleague, Andreas Karlstadt, and Johann Eck at the Leipzig Debate of 1519.

Summary: An analysis by Luther of the propositions debated by him, his colleague, Andreas Karlstadt, and Johann Eck at the Leipzig Debate of 1519.

Summary: Includes Sermo in festo annuntiationis Virginis Marie, Sermo de predestinato numero damnatorum and Sermo de cathensis.

Summary: Includes Sermo in festo annuntiationis Virginis Marie, Sermo de predestinato numero damnatorum and Sermo de cathensis.

Summary: A largely fictitious epic poem about Saint Louis (King Louis IX) and his crusade against the Saracens in Egypt in search of Christ's Crown of Thorns.

Summary: A largely fictitious epic poem about Saint Louis (King Louis IX) and his crusade against the Saracens in Egypt in search of Christ's Crown of Thorns.

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Summary: Series of copper engraved prints after Maarten de Vos' drawings of hermits.

Summary: Series of copper engraved prints after Maarten de Vos' drawings of hermits.

Summary: The memoirs of Job, a man sold into slavery in Maryland and later England.

Summary: The memoirs of Job, a man sold into slavery in Maryland and later England.

Summary: "Star of the Clergy" is an anonymous handbook on pastoral care. This manual was widely printed and copied. Lotter, the Leipzig printer who produced this edition, also published Luther's first work.

Summary: "Star of the Clergy" is an anonymous handbook on pastoral care. This manual was widely printed and copied. Lotter, the Leipzig printer who produced this edition, also published Luther's first work.

Summary: Johannes von Paltz (or Pals) was an Augustinian preacher and seller of indulgences. He was on the teaching faculty at the University of Erfurt at the time Martin Luther was enrolled as a student. He had published a collection of sermons under title Celifodina in 1502. It was so popular that he published the supplement in 1504. This is the second edition.

Summary: Johannes von Paltz (or Pals) was an Augustinian preacher and seller of indulgences. He was on the teaching faculty at the University of Erfurt at the time Martin Luther was enrolled as a student. He had published a collection of sermons under title Celifodina in 1502. It was so popular that he published the supplement in 1504. This is the second edition.

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Summary: "A defence of the true and old authority of Christ's church. An oration of Cœlius, the second Curio, for the true and ancient authority of Christ his church, against Antony Florebell of Mutiny ... Translated out of Latin into English by Ihon Philpott": p.[319]-432.

Summary: "A defence of the true and old authority of Christ's church. An oration of Cœlius, the second Curio, for the true and ancient authority of Christ his church, against Antony Florebell of Mutiny ... Translated out of Latin into English by Ihon Philpott": p.[319]-432.

Summary: An instructional text using an imagined dialogue between a missionary and an "Indian" to illustrate how a missionary in the field might instruct a potential convert in the Christian practices. It is unclear from the text what people or peoples are meant to be represented by the "Indian," or if the author is simply using the term as a broad catchall.

Summary: An instructional text using an imagined dialogue between a missionary and an "Indian" to illustrate how a missionary in the field might instruct a potential convert in the Christian practices. It is unclear from the text what people or peoples are meant to be represented by the "Indian," or if the author is simply using the term as a broad catchall.

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Summary: This impotant work on natural theology was written by the Catalan scholar Raymond of Sabunde 1434-1436 and was circulated widely in manuscript form before being printed in Deventer 1484-85 and reprinted numerous times. Raymond places great emphasis on reason and argues that science is not antithetical to faith but that the Bible and the book of Nature should both be seen as divine revelation.

Summary: This impotant work on natural theology was written by the Catalan scholar Raymond of Sabunde 1434-1436 and was circulated widely in manuscript form before being printed in Deventer 1484-85 and reprinted numerous times. Raymond places great emphasis on reason and argues that science is not antithetical to faith but that the Bible and the book of Nature should both be seen as divine revelation.

Summary: Latin grammar written by the English humanist Thomas Linacre. The preface was written by Philipp Melanchthon.

Summary: Latin grammar written by the English humanist Thomas Linacre. The preface was written by Philipp Melanchthon.

Summary: Written in Latin in the fall of 1521 under the title De abroganda missa privata, this is the third printing of the first German edition of Martin Luther's important tract on the celebration of private masses. Luther opposed any celebration of the Eucharist that was not accessible to or provided for the congregation at large and felt so strongly about this material that he translated it into German himself.

Summary: Written in Latin in the fall of 1521 under the title De abroganda missa privata, this is the third printing of the first German edition of Martin Luther's important tract on the celebration of private masses. Luther opposed any celebration of the Eucharist that was not accessible to or provided for the congregation at large and felt so strongly about this material that he translated it into German himself.

Summary: This sermon on marriage is an elaboration of an earlier work no longer extant. In its present form there is no set Bible text, nor is the sermon designed for a particular place in the Church year.

Summary: This sermon on marriage is an elaboration of an earlier work no longer extant. In its present form there is no set Bible text, nor is the sermon designed for a particular place in the Church year.

Summary: A treatise by Luther on the relationship of belief and practice, intended for those "poor consciences, that lie captive to human laws in cloisters and monastic foundations", as he puts it in his preface. It is also noteworthy that Luther assumes his audience includes both those who could read his writings directly, and those who heard them read by others, when he dedicates his pamphlet "to all who read or hear this little book".

Summary: A treatise by Luther on the relationship of belief and practice, intended for those "poor consciences, that lie captive to human laws in cloisters and monastic foundations", as he puts it in his preface. It is also noteworthy that Luther assumes his audience includes both those who could read his writings directly, and those who heard them read by others, when he dedicates his pamphlet "to all who read or hear this little book".

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Summary: The catalyst for this famous Luther letter was the removal by stealth of nine nuns from the cloister of Nimbschen bei Grimma at Easter in the year 1523. Luther names the nine, which include a sister of Johann Staupitz, Luther's father confessor, and Katharina von Bora, who was to become Luther's wife.

Summary: The catalyst for this famous Luther letter was the removal by stealth of nine nuns from the cloister of Nimbschen bei Grimma at Easter in the year 1523. Luther names the nine, which include a sister of Johann Staupitz, Luther's father confessor, and Katharina von Bora, who was to become Luther's wife.

Summary: Only printing of a pamphlet by Karlstadt attacking Johann Eck on issues that emerged during their disputation at Leipzig 1519, in particular the interpretation of scripture and the question of free will and its relation to the grace of God.

Summary: Only printing of a pamphlet by Karlstadt attacking Johann Eck on issues that emerged during their disputation at Leipzig 1519, in particular the interpretation of scripture and the question of free will and its relation to the grace of God.

Summary: Polemical tract against celibacy, attributed to Michael Keller, who was married August 10, 1526 in Augsburg.

Summary: Polemical tract against celibacy, attributed to Michael Keller, who was married August 10, 1526 in Augsburg.

Summary: Second edition of the last of Luther's four tracts on marriage and married life. Luther addresses in particular the issue of secret or private engagements and their status in cases in which one of the parties enters into a public engagement.

Summary: Second edition of the last of Luther's four tracts on marriage and married life. Luther addresses in particular the issue of secret or private engagements and their status in cases in which one of the parties enters into a public engagement.

Summary: Luther addresses the monastic rules of fasting, obedience and celibacy, arguing that they have no foundation in scripture and that a transgression of these rules is therefore no sin. At the same time, Luther warns that a transgression of monastic rules in itself is by no means a sign of faith or internalized piety.

Summary: Luther addresses the monastic rules of fasting, obedience and celibacy, arguing that they have no foundation in scripture and that a transgression of these rules is therefore no sin. At the same time, Luther warns that a transgression of monastic rules in itself is by no means a sign of faith or internalized piety.

Summary: First edition of a tract by Andreas Osiander on the subject of justification and Christ's role as mediator.

Summary: First edition of a tract by Andreas Osiander on the subject of justification and Christ's role as mediator.

Summary: Second Basel printing of an early Luther treatise on Penance, together with a translation and exposition of Psalm 118.

Summary: Second Basel printing of an early Luther treatise on Penance, together with a translation and exposition of Psalm 118.

Summary: Interpretive pamphlet by Erasmus on the true nature of pilgrimage, as espoused by Jesus in Matthew XI, 28. Erasmus says that true pilgrimage is undertaken with spiritual, and not with physical feet, and, that Jesus receives all sincere pilgrims equally, whether they be clergy or lay, rich or poor, etc.

Summary: Interpretive pamphlet by Erasmus on the true nature of pilgrimage, as espoused by Jesus in Matthew XI, 28. Erasmus says that true pilgrimage is undertaken with spiritual, and not with physical feet, and, that Jesus receives all sincere pilgrims equally, whether they be clergy or lay, rich or poor, etc.

Summary: Tract on the duties and responsibilties of civic leaders, and on the relationship between church and state, first published in Latin a year earlier.

Summary: Tract on the duties and responsibilties of civic leaders, and on the relationship between church and state, first published in Latin a year earlier.

Summary: Luther here offers his translation of the Canon of the Mass together with a brief treatise against the practice of private masses. Text in German includes Luther's German translation of the Canon from the Latin.

Summary: Luther here offers his translation of the Canon of the Mass together with a brief treatise against the practice of private masses. Text in German includes Luther's German translation of the Canon from the Latin.

Summary: First attack on Luther's "Sermon von dem Ablass und Gnade" (Sermon on indulgences and grace) by Johan Tetzel, a refutation of Luther's position.

Summary: First attack on Luther's "Sermon von dem Ablass und Gnade" (Sermon on indulgences and grace) by Johan Tetzel, a refutation of Luther's position.

Summary: When the time stipulated in the Pope's bull of excommunication had elapsed on December 10, 1520, Luther and some of his students burned the bull and copies of the canon law. This pamphlet details their reasons for doing so. This is the third (of three) printings of the first edition.

Summary: When the time stipulated in the Pope's bull of excommunication had elapsed on December 10, 1520, Luther and some of his students burned the bull and copies of the canon law. This pamphlet details their reasons for doing so. This is the third (of three) printings of the first edition.

Summary: In this pamphlet, Johann Brenz, the Lutheran Reformer of South Germany, attacks papal marriage law, and limits the forbidden degrees (marriages) to the narrowest possible interpretation of the Biblical material.

Summary: In this pamphlet, Johann Brenz, the Lutheran Reformer of South Germany, attacks papal marriage law, and limits the forbidden degrees (marriages) to the narrowest possible interpretation of the Biblical material.

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