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Summary: Poetic paraphrases of the Psalms by the humanist and reformer Adam Siber.

Summary: Poetic paraphrases of the Psalms by the humanist and reformer Adam Siber.

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

Summary: In this volume, Hieronymous Emser, who had himself translated the New Testament from Greek into German, provides a chapter by chapter commentary and critique on Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament.

Summary: In this volume, Hieronymous Emser, who had himself translated the New Testament from Greek into German, provides a chapter by chapter commentary and critique on Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament.

Summray: Andreas Fabricius was a Lutheran pastor and educator. This short tract is a discussion of biblical law and a defense of the doctrine of justification by faith.

Summray: Andreas Fabricius was a Lutheran pastor and educator. This short tract is a discussion of biblical law and a defense of the doctrine of justification by faith.

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Summary: A short tract by Erasmus on the composition of letters.

Summary: A short tract by Erasmus on the composition of letters.

Summary: Joachim Westphal was a gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Superintendent in Hamburg. A major opponent of the Interims of Augsburg and Leipzig, he argued that Catholic liturgical practices were not adiaphora (morally indifferent acts that were either required nor prohibited), but needed to be rejected completely.

Summary: Joachim Westphal was a gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Superintendent in Hamburg. A major opponent of the Interims of Augsburg and Leipzig, he argued that Catholic liturgical practices were not adiaphora (morally indifferent acts that were either required nor prohibited), but needed to be rejected completely.

Summary: A historical, social, religious, and natural history of the ancient world.

Summary: A historical, social, religious, and natural history of the ancient world.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: Catechism by David Chytraeus, a student of Philipp Melanchthon's.

Summary: Catechism by David Chytraeus, a student of Philipp Melanchthon's.

Summary: Johannes Brenz had written the first Protestant catechism in 1527, two years before Luther issued his large and small catechisms. This is a 1552 printing of the work.

Summary: Johannes Brenz had written the first Protestant catechism in 1527, two years before Luther issued his large and small catechisms. This is a 1552 printing of the work.

Summary: Rhegius was a Reformer, active throughout Germany promoting Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg he was befriended by Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, under whose patronage he returned to Brunswick where he wrote the present work for Ernest's son, Francis Otto (1530-1559). Like many 16th c. catechisms, Rhegius' is in the form of a dialogue, in this instance between the teacher and the pupil (paedagogus et discipulus).

Summary: Rhegius was a Reformer, active throughout Germany promoting Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg he was befriended by Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, under whose patronage he returned to Brunswick where he wrote the present work for Ernest's son, Francis Otto (1530-1559). Like many 16th c. catechisms, Rhegius' is in the form of a dialogue, in this instance between the teacher and the pupil (paedagogus et discipulus).

Summary: Third printing of the Ansbach Catechism by Andreas Althamer and Johannes Rurer, commissioned by Margrave Georg of Brandenburg. It has been called the first regional catechism of the Protestant movement. It contains 92 questions and answers as well as an appendix with 18 prayers.

Summary: Third printing of the Ansbach Catechism by Andreas Althamer and Johannes Rurer, commissioned by Margrave Georg of Brandenburg. It has been called the first regional catechism of the Protestant movement. It contains 92 questions and answers as well as an appendix with 18 prayers.

Summary: Summary-style Lutheran catechism by Sebald Heyden, a humanist scholar and educator in Nuremberg. He was well known as a poet and composer of hymns and his book "De arte candendi" (On the art of singing) had a significant impact on the study and teaching of music.

Summary: Summary-style Lutheran catechism by Sebald Heyden, a humanist scholar and educator in Nuremberg. He was well known as a poet and composer of hymns and his book "De arte candendi" (On the art of singing) had a significant impact on the study and teaching of music.

Summary: Compilation by Johann Wigand of arguments made by the Reformer Paul Eber in support of the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: Compilation by Johann Wigand of arguments made by the Reformer Paul Eber in support of the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: Lecture delivered to the faculty and students of the University of Wittenberg on "the perils of these times" by Kaspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon's son-in-law. The perils to which he refers are the military threat of the Turks to the east, and the plague.

Summary: Lecture delivered to the faculty and students of the University of Wittenberg on "the perils of these times" by Kaspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon's son-in-law. The perils to which he refers are the military threat of the Turks to the east, and the plague.

Summary: This is a fine, well-preserved copy of a sixteenth century edition of the "Confessio Augustana and Melanchthon's Apology."

Summary: This is a fine, well-preserved copy of a sixteenth century edition of the "Confessio Augustana and Melanchthon's Apology."

Summary: A 1553 printing of the Württemberg Confession, commissioned by Duke Christoph, drafted by Johannes Brenz in 1551 and signed by other Swabian theologians to be presented at the council of Trent in 1552.

Summary: A 1553 printing of the Württemberg Confession, commissioned by Duke Christoph, drafted by Johannes Brenz in 1551 and signed by other Swabian theologians to be presented at the council of Trent in 1552.

Summary: Response by Mathias Flacius Illyricus, among the strictest of the Lutheran theologians of his time, to the views of the early Reformer of Nürnberg, Andreas Osiander, on Justification. Osiander emphasized the believer's being made righteous, as opposed to being declared righteous through Christ. Flacius reports on the title page that he had shared his views on this issue privately in writing with friends, but that they had been published without his permission and in a form unacceptable to him. This edition represents the official response by Flacius.

Summary: Response by Mathias Flacius Illyricus, among the strictest of the Lutheran theologians of his time, to the views of the early Reformer of Nürnberg, Andreas Osiander, on Justification. Osiander emphasized the believer's being made righteous, as opposed to being declared righteous through Christ. Flacius reports on the title page that he had shared his views on this issue privately in writing with friends, but that they had been published without his permission and in a form unacceptable to him. This edition represents the official response by Flacius.

Summary: Composed by Erasmus of Rotterdam, at the latest, in 1533, this tract on preparing for death first appeared in printed form in Basel at the beginning of 1534. This printing was followed by the Cologne printing in April. It is dedicated to Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (1477-1539), the father of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Summary: Composed by Erasmus of Rotterdam, at the latest, in 1533, this tract on preparing for death first appeared in printed form in Basel at the beginning of 1534. This printing was followed by the Cologne printing in April. It is dedicated to Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (1477-1539), the father of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Summary: A call for concord and harmony in the church by one of the great Humanists of the time.

Summary: A call for concord and harmony in the church by one of the great Humanists of the time.

Summary: First edition of the second Latin translation of Luther's Large Catechism, published earlier the same year. This translation was done Vincentius Opsopäus (Vinzenz Heidecker). Issued with it is the first Latin edition of Johann Brenz's catechism, first published in German in 1528 under the title "Fragstuck des christlichen Glaube[n]s für die Jugend zu Schwebische[n] Hall]."

Summary: First edition of the second Latin translation of Luther's Large Catechism, published earlier the same year. This translation was done Vincentius Opsopäus (Vinzenz Heidecker). Issued with it is the first Latin edition of Johann Brenz's catechism, first published in German in 1528 under the title "Fragstuck des christlichen Glaube[n]s für die Jugend zu Schwebische[n] Hall]."

Summary: The Book of Judith was probably written between 175 and 125 B.C. and is part of the literature known as the Apocrypha, composed between the Old and New Testament eras. The Catholic Church accepted the Apocrypha as canonical while Luther did not. The story is of the pious widow Judith who beheads the enemy general Holofernes after he has become drunk. It is reminiscent of Jael's killing of Sisera in Judges 4. This is apparently the only separate printing of this translation, issued the same year as the complete German Bible.

Summary: The Book of Judith was probably written between 175 and 125 B.C. and is part of the literature known as the Apocrypha, composed between the Old and New Testament eras. The Catholic Church accepted the Apocrypha as canonical while Luther did not. The story is of the pious widow Judith who beheads the enemy general Holofernes after he has become drunk. It is reminiscent of Jael's killing of Sisera in Judges 4. This is apparently the only separate printing of this translation, issued the same year as the complete German Bible.

Summary: Sermon preached May 27, 1526, on John 3:1-16 (Nicodemus).

Summary: Sermon preached May 27, 1526, on John 3:1-16 (Nicodemus).

Summary: Early edition of Erasmus' treatise on free human will and its limits.

Summary: Early edition of Erasmus' treatise on free human will and its limits.

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Summary: Kilian Leib was the prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf near Ingolstadt. He was a vehement opponent of the Lutheran movement and was involved in the drafting of the Confutatio Augustana. In this tract he defends priestly celibacy and chastity.

Summary: Kilian Leib was the prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf near Ingolstadt. He was a vehement opponent of the Lutheran movement and was involved in the drafting of the Confutatio Augustana. In this tract he defends priestly celibacy and chastity.

Summary: Essay on the historical and Scriptural foundations of clerical marriage, written following the marriage of Wolfgang Reissenbusch, Praeceptor of the Collegial Church of St. Antonius in Lichtenberg.

Summary: Essay on the historical and Scriptural foundations of clerical marriage, written following the marriage of Wolfgang Reissenbusch, Praeceptor of the Collegial Church of St. Antonius in Lichtenberg.

Summary: Melanchthon wrote three versions of his book on dialectic, considering only the third to be truly successful. This is a printing from 1534 of the second (1528) version.

Summary: Melanchthon wrote three versions of his book on dialectic, considering only the third to be truly successful. This is a printing from 1534 of the second (1528) version.

Summary: Tract on the history of Divine Revelation, tracing the teachers of the church from the Creation to the author's own time, by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Tract on the history of Divine Revelation, tracing the teachers of the church from the Creation to the author's own time, by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Letter by a counsel of preachers in the city of Hamburg to Philipp Melanchthon regarding the adiaphoristic controversy regarding the re-introduction of some Catholic elements into the liturgy, which Melanchthon viewed as harmless and permissible. Melanchthon's reply is also included in this short booklet.

Summary: Letter by a counsel of preachers in the city of Hamburg to Philipp Melanchthon regarding the adiaphoristic controversy regarding the re-introduction of some Catholic elements into the liturgy, which Melanchthon viewed as harmless and permissible. Melanchthon's reply is also included in this short booklet.

Summary: An important treatise on human free will by Martin Luther, responding to Erasmus' work De libero arbitrio.

Summary: An important treatise on human free will by Martin Luther, responding to Erasmus' work De libero arbitrio.

Summary: "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Martin Luther' greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace. His tract is a response to Desiderius Erasmus', "De libero arbitrio (Concerning Free Will)." Erasmus defends the view that salvation is by Divine grace, but wants to leave some room for a person's moral motivation.

Summary: "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Martin Luther' greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace. His tract is a response to Desiderius Erasmus', "De libero arbitrio (Concerning Free Will)." Erasmus defends the view that salvation is by Divine grace, but wants to leave some room for a person's moral motivation.

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Summary: Rare first French printing of Luther's lectures on Galatians.

Summary: Rare first French printing of Luther's lectures on Galatians.

Summary: Response by Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian Visitor General of the Augustinian Order, who fled to Switzerland rather than face charges of heresy, to the books of English Catholic, Richard Smith, on celibacy and monastic vows.

Summary: Response by Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian Visitor General of the Augustinian Order, who fled to Switzerland rather than face charges of heresy, to the books of English Catholic, Richard Smith, on celibacy and monastic vows.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: This book, which contains a dedication to Joannes Luyken de Jonge, the grandson of the author [in the form of a poem], contains 47 prints by Jan Luyken. Of the 47 prints, 46 are new; amongst these are 4 prints started by Luyken and finished by P. Sluiter (engravings for pages 77, 81, 85, and 87), who also made the title page. According to the final words of the printed title, this work was published after the death of the author. Probably is this his last work and because of illness, Luyken was prevented to finish the work completely.

Summary: This book, which contains a dedication to Joannes Luyken de Jonge, the grandson of the author [in the form of a poem], contains 47 prints by Jan Luyken. Of the 47 prints, 46 are new; amongst these are 4 prints started by Luyken and finished by P. Sluiter (engravings for pages 77, 81, 85, and 87), who also made the title page. According to the final words of the printed title, this work was published after the death of the author. Probably is this his last work and because of illness, Luyken was prevented to finish the work completely.

Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: Early edition of a Lutheran prayer-book.

Summary: Early edition of a Lutheran prayer-book.

Summary: 1545 printing of a work by Luther on intercessory prayer, first published in 1535.

Summary: 1545 printing of a work by Luther on intercessory prayer, first published in 1535.

Summary: A fictitious dialogue between a Catholic and a Protestant, written by the Catholic theologian Adam Walasser. The discussion includes topics like the authority of tradition outside of Scripture or prayer to the Saints and the Protestant position is presented as reasonable, albeit incorrect by Walasser.

Summary: A fictitious dialogue between a Catholic and a Protestant, written by the Catholic theologian Adam Walasser. The discussion includes topics like the authority of tradition outside of Scripture or prayer to the Saints and the Protestant position is presented as reasonable, albeit incorrect by Walasser.

Summary: Sermon on Christian life by the Lutheran preacher Johann Spangenberg, based on Ephesians 5:1, followed by an interpretation of Psalm 1.

Summary: Sermon on Christian life by the Lutheran preacher Johann Spangenberg, based on Ephesians 5:1, followed by an interpretation of Psalm 1.

Summary: Two sermons by the Lutheran preacher Johann Spangenberg on the sacrament of the eucharist and on Christian life, based on Ephesians 5, as well as a short exegesis of Psalm 1.

Summary: Two sermons by the Lutheran preacher Johann Spangenberg on the sacrament of the eucharist and on Christian life, based on Ephesians 5, as well as a short exegesis of Psalm 1.

Summary: A 1558 printing of a work on rhetoric by Philipp Melanchthon. The work includes correspondence on the subject by two late-15th century Italian humanists.

Summary: A 1558 printing of a work on rhetoric by Philipp Melanchthon. The work includes correspondence on the subject by two late-15th century Italian humanists.

Summary: Interpretation of Psalm 68 by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Interpretation of Psalm 68 by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: A 1565 printing of Luther's Small Catechism.

Summary: A 1565 printing of Luther's Small Catechism.

Summary: Second illustrated edition of Valentin Babst's publication of Luther's small catechism.

Summary: Second illustrated edition of Valentin Babst's publication of Luther's small catechism.

Summary: In 1521, Melanchthon wrote the first Protestant dogmatics, the "Loci Communes." Eck countered in 1525 with his "handbook on Theological Topics". Possibly the most widely reprinted Catholic critique of Lutheran doctrine (Metzler lists 91 contemporary editions). Eck uses the same topical procedure and cites the Bible, Church Fathers, Councils, and Popes heavily in the presentation of his arguments.

Summary: In 1521, Melanchthon wrote the first Protestant dogmatics, the "Loci Communes." Eck countered in 1525 with his "handbook on Theological Topics". Possibly the most widely reprinted Catholic critique of Lutheran doctrine (Metzler lists 91 contemporary editions). Eck uses the same topical procedure and cites the Bible, Church Fathers, Councils, and Popes heavily in the presentation of his arguments.

Summary: Open letter to an anonymous pastor justifying Matthias Flacius' opposition to the Leipzig interim, and Melanchthon's willingness to compromise with the Catholic Church on matters of liturgy.

Summary: Open letter to an anonymous pastor justifying Matthias Flacius' opposition to the Leipzig interim, and Melanchthon's willingness to compromise with the Catholic Church on matters of liturgy.

Summary: This pamphlet contains two letters on Lutheranism by converts to Catholicism. Witzel's publication of Haner's letter led to the latter's expulsion from the city of Nuremberg.

Summary: This pamphlet contains two letters on Lutheranism by converts to Catholicism. Witzel's publication of Haner's letter led to the latter's expulsion from the city of Nuremberg.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on Galatians, first published in 1546/47 and reprinted numerous times.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on Galatians, first published in 1546/47 and reprinted numerous times.

Summary: A letter by Luther to Pope Leo X. Leo had issued his famous bull 'Exsurge Domine' on June 15 1520, demanding that Luther recant his teachings of face excommunication. Luther responded with this letter in September, seeking to explain his position, calling for the church to reform, while emphasizing that his critiques have been directed against abuses within the church, not against the person or office of the pope.

Summary: A letter by Luther to Pope Leo X. Leo had issued his famous bull 'Exsurge Domine' on June 15 1520, demanding that Luther recant his teachings of face excommunication. Luther responded with this letter in September, seeking to explain his position, calling for the church to reform, while emphasizing that his critiques have been directed against abuses within the church, not against the person or office of the pope.

Summary: Protestants made Savonarola out to be a martyr, even though he would certainly not have supported their views. This commentary on Psalm 51, "Lord have mercy upon me," was written during his imprisonment in 1498. Luther wrote the introduction to this edition.

Summary: Protestants made Savonarola out to be a martyr, even though he would certainly not have supported their views. This commentary on Psalm 51, "Lord have mercy upon me," was written during his imprisonment in 1498. Luther wrote the introduction to this edition.

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's translations from Latin of several Psalms from the Hebrew O.T., and the Epistle to Titus from the Greek N.T.

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's translations from Latin of several Psalms from the Hebrew O.T., and the Epistle to Titus from the Greek N.T.

Summary: Benedict Gretzinger was a city scribe in the town of Reutlingen. In his only known work, which was however published 17 times between 1523 and 1528, he lists 10 fundamental articles of faith, each with short references to the Bible and explanatory notes. The text is close to the children's catechisms by the Bohemian Brethren, published in 1522, which may itself have been influenced by Martin Luther's "Short form of the 10 commandments".

Summary: Benedict Gretzinger was a city scribe in the town of Reutlingen. In his only known work, which was however published 17 times between 1523 and 1528, he lists 10 fundamental articles of faith, each with short references to the Bible and explanatory notes. The text is close to the children's catechisms by the Bohemian Brethren, published in 1522, which may itself have been influenced by Martin Luther's "Short form of the 10 commandments".

Summary: Fifth edition of Erasmus' Colloquies, a collection of dialogues on Latin conversation and good behavior first published in 1518 as an excercise book for Erasmus's students.

Summary: Fifth edition of Erasmus' Colloquies, a collection of dialogues on Latin conversation and good behavior first published in 1518 as an excercise book for Erasmus's students.

Summary: Instructions for inquisitors in the Netherlands (Lower Germany), published by the Lutheran reformer Matthias Flacius to call attention to the persecution of Protestants. Flacius intended this report to underscore his opposition to any compromises with the Catholic Church, even in liturgical matters, as permitted by the Augsburg Interim of 1548.

Summary: Instructions for inquisitors in the Netherlands (Lower Germany), published by the Lutheran reformer Matthias Flacius to call attention to the persecution of Protestants. Flacius intended this report to underscore his opposition to any compromises with the Catholic Church, even in liturgical matters, as permitted by the Augsburg Interim of 1548.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: Joseph Klug printed the first collection of hymns that Luther prepared specifically for congregational use in Wittenberg in 1529. It followed the church year closely and was revised and reprinted several times. The renowned hymnal printed by Valentin Bapst (Geystlicher Lieder'; Leipzig, 1545) may be seen as a later edition of the Klug hymnal. (Robin Leaver, "Hymnals," in 'The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation' (1996) 2:286-89.)

Summary: Joseph Klug printed the first collection of hymns that Luther prepared specifically for congregational use in Wittenberg in 1529. It followed the church year closely and was revised and reprinted several times. The renowned hymnal printed by Valentin Bapst (Geystlicher Lieder'; Leipzig, 1545) may be seen as a later edition of the Klug hymnal. (Robin Leaver, "Hymnals," in 'The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation' (1996) 2:286-89.)

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Summary: Rare early printing of Melanchthon's biography of Luther.

Summary: Rare early printing of Melanchthon's biography of Luther.

Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.

Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.

Summary: This is an early Italian response to Martin Luther, attacking the schismatic monk on his own terms, in the vernacular for the benefit of laymen or simplici, as advertised on the title-page. The work is quite broad in its criticism and aims to refute not only Luther and his followers, but all heretics and even Jews.

Summary: This is an early Italian response to Martin Luther, attacking the schismatic monk on his own terms, in the vernacular for the benefit of laymen or simplici, as advertised on the title-page. The work is quite broad in its criticism and aims to refute not only Luther and his followers, but all heretics and even Jews.

Summary: One of three reprints from the year of its first publication, this work by Melanchthon is one of the earliest textbooks for the study of rhetoric as an integral part of an education in the liberal arts.

Summary: One of three reprints from the year of its first publication, this work by Melanchthon is one of the earliest textbooks for the study of rhetoric as an integral part of an education in the liberal arts.

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Summary: The correspondence of Ignatius Sancho accompanied by a memoir of his life.

Summary: The correspondence of Ignatius Sancho accompanied by a memoir of his life.

Summary: J. de Sacro Bosco was an English mathematician who taught in Paris after 1230. This work on astronomy was only the second by a Western scholar based on Arabic researches to be printed (1472). The book was frequently reprinted as here with a commentary by a famous modern scholar, in this case Melanchthon. Melanchthon's interest in astrology is well known, so it was natural for him to edit this material.

Summary: J. de Sacro Bosco was an English mathematician who taught in Paris after 1230. This work on astronomy was only the second by a Western scholar based on Arabic researches to be printed (1472). The book was frequently reprinted as here with a commentary by a famous modern scholar, in this case Melanchthon. Melanchthon's interest in astrology is well known, so it was natural for him to edit this material.

Summary: A 1525 printing of this most famous of all Melanchthon's theological works, first published in Wittenberg in 1521. The Loci Communes represent the most comrehensive systematic theology of the Lutheran reformation. Melanchthon continued to revise this work throughout his life.

Summary: A 1525 printing of this most famous of all Melanchthon's theological works, first published in Wittenberg in 1521. The Loci Communes represent the most comrehensive systematic theology of the Lutheran reformation. Melanchthon continued to revise this work throughout his life.

Summary: It was the practice at Wittenberg for the students to sharpen their logical and debating skills by responding to a set of theses proposed by the professor in the discipline in which they were working. These theses were often collected into book form for the use of the students and for the study of the topics by interested non-students. This group is from the early years of the Reformation, 1521-1522. Theses proposed in the Universität Wittenberg for the granting of doctoral degrees. In most cases the "respondents" are not indicated.

Summary: It was the practice at Wittenberg for the students to sharpen their logical and debating skills by responding to a set of theses proposed by the professor in the discipline in which they were working. These theses were often collected into book form for the use of the students and for the study of the topics by interested non-students. This group is from the early years of the Reformation, 1521-1522. Theses proposed in the Universität Wittenberg for the granting of doctoral degrees. In most cases the "respondents" are not indicated.

Summary: Popular doctrinal theology by the Lutheran reformer Johann Spangenberg, based on Melanchthon's Loci Communes, and written for use by pastors and ministers. The work was first published in 1540 and was re-issued and translated numerous times.

Summary: Popular doctrinal theology by the Lutheran reformer Johann Spangenberg, based on Melanchthon's Loci Communes, and written for use by pastors and ministers. The work was first published in 1540 and was re-issued and translated numerous times.

Summary: Luther's first major revision of his translation of the Hebrew book of Psalms. Luther and his translation committee worked diligently on the German Bible throughout Luther's life. Every word came under repeated scrutiny; the translators never felt completely satisfied. The Psalter was revised repeatedly, always with the aim of seeking clarity of expression. This is the first revision of the work. This copy is annotated, dated 5 February, 1541, by A. Blarer, a Swabian reformer who was deeply influenced by Luther.

Summary: Luther's first major revision of his translation of the Hebrew book of Psalms. Luther and his translation committee worked diligently on the German Bible throughout Luther's life. Every word came under repeated scrutiny; the translators never felt completely satisfied. The Psalter was revised repeatedly, always with the aim of seeking clarity of expression. This is the first revision of the work. This copy is annotated, dated 5 February, 1541, by A. Blarer, a Swabian reformer who was deeply influenced by Luther.

Summary: The Black Death ravaged Europe from the fourteenth century onward. Dr. Johann Hess, a pastor from Breslau, asked Luther in 1527 whether it was permissible for a person to flee from plague-infested areas. Luther replied that it was, and then added some public health advice for town and city government officials in plague-ravaged areas. He advocated fumigation of this, the seventh printing of the work.

Summary: The Black Death ravaged Europe from the fourteenth century onward. Dr. Johann Hess, a pastor from Breslau, asked Luther in 1527 whether it was permissible for a person to flee from plague-infested areas. Luther replied that it was, and then added some public health advice for town and city government officials in plague-ravaged areas. He advocated fumigation of this, the seventh printing of the work.

Summary: This is the original Latin version of Melanchthon's funeral oration for Luther, preached in Wittenberg, February 22, 1546. The friendship between Luther and Melanchthon was almost legendary, even in their own lifetimes, and this deeply moving oration is an eloquent testimony to the depth of Melanchthon's feelings for his friend of twenty-eight years.

Summary: This is the original Latin version of Melanchthon's funeral oration for Luther, preached in Wittenberg, February 22, 1546. The friendship between Luther and Melanchthon was almost legendary, even in their own lifetimes, and this deeply moving oration is an eloquent testimony to the depth of Melanchthon's feelings for his friend of twenty-eight years.

Summary: A treatise on monarchies as a form of government.

Summary: A treatise on monarchies as a form of government.

Summary: Melanchthon's "Handtbuchlein" is among the first attempts at a Protestant catechism. It is a collection of selections from scripture passages, prayers, and other text intended as instruction for students in German schools. Noteworthy are the "Seven Wise Saying" derived from Periander by Erasmus.

Summary: Melanchthon's "Handtbuchlein" is among the first attempts at a Protestant catechism. It is a collection of selections from scripture passages, prayers, and other text intended as instruction for students in German schools. Noteworthy are the "Seven Wise Saying" derived from Periander by Erasmus.

Summary: "Editio princeps of perhaps the most influential religious emblem books" (Landwehr). Herman Hugo (1588-1629), born in Brussels, joined the Jesuit order in 1605, became Spinola's father confessor and accompanied the general in all his campaigns. He died of the plague at Reinberg. The engravings in this beautifully illustrated emblem book are attributed to Boetius à Bolswert (Boëce van Bolswert: ca. 1580-1633), who also is noted as the publisher (one illustration is signed "W. Simpson sculp.").

Summary: "Editio princeps of perhaps the most influential religious emblem books" (Landwehr). Herman Hugo (1588-1629), born in Brussels, joined the Jesuit order in 1605, became Spinola's father confessor and accompanied the general in all his campaigns. He died of the plague at Reinberg. The engravings in this beautifully illustrated emblem book are attributed to Boetius à Bolswert (Boëce van Bolswert: ca. 1580-1633), who also is noted as the publisher (one illustration is signed "W. Simpson sculp.").

Summary: Part one of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year, as edited by Martin Bucer, the Reformer of Strasbourg. Bound with part two. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

Summary: Part one of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year, as edited by Martin Bucer, the Reformer of Strasbourg. Bound with part two. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

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Summary: This is the only edition of a metered translation of the Psalms by Cotton Mather, who had intended it to replace the Bay Psalm Book, which he though was too constrained by being rhymed in addition to being metered. All Psalms are arranged to be sung in the common meter, while some could also be sung in the long meter with the inclusion of additional words printed in black letter and set in square brackets.

Summary: This is the only edition of a metered translation of the Psalms by Cotton Mather, who had intended it to replace the Bay Psalm Book, which he though was too constrained by being rhymed in addition to being metered. All Psalms are arranged to be sung in the common meter, while some could also be sung in the long meter with the inclusion of additional words printed in black letter and set in square brackets.

Summary: Collection of documents issued by theologians in the Duchy of Württemberg and Victorinus Strigel concerning Strigel's Psalms commentary and his position in the synergistic controversy. Strigel supported the Philippist position that human will contributes to salvation, an idea that was rejected by the gnesio-Lutherans and by most of the theologians in Württemberg.

Summary: Collection of documents issued by theologians in the Duchy of Württemberg and Victorinus Strigel concerning Strigel's Psalms commentary and his position in the synergistic controversy. Strigel supported the Philippist position that human will contributes to salvation, an idea that was rejected by the gnesio-Lutherans and by most of the theologians in Württemberg.

Summary: Theobald Billican was educated at Heidelberg where he became a close friend of Melanchthon. He was drawn to Luther in 1518 when Luther disputed on scholasticism at the University of Heidelberg. This tract on the reformation in Nordlingen attempts to prove that the old "abuses" had been corrected and replaced with "purified" doctrines. Billican consciously constructs his discourse more along Erasmian lines than according to strictly Lutheran models.

Summary: Theobald Billican was educated at Heidelberg where he became a close friend of Melanchthon. He was drawn to Luther in 1518 when Luther disputed on scholasticism at the University of Heidelberg. This tract on the reformation in Nordlingen attempts to prove that the old "abuses" had been corrected and replaced with "purified" doctrines. Billican consciously constructs his discourse more along Erasmian lines than according to strictly Lutheran models.

Summary: Eight-line note on rhetorical terms in 16th century Latin mss. on inside front cover; book plate and stamp of former owner Camille Aboussouan on inside front cover and verso of front flyleaf respectively; three Latin distichs identifying former owner as "Joannes Kenerus"; "Freht dich und gnad dir Gott": in ms. surrounds prrinter's device on title page; first few leaves with contemporary manuscript marginalia; "Statua Martis" in 16th century Latin mss. surrounds printer's device on last verso.

Summary: Eight-line note on rhetorical terms in 16th century Latin mss. on inside front cover; book plate and stamp of former owner Camille Aboussouan on inside front cover and verso of front flyleaf respectively; three Latin distichs identifying former owner as "Joannes Kenerus"; "Freht dich und gnad dir Gott": in ms. surrounds prrinter's device on title page; first few leaves with contemporary manuscript marginalia; "Statua Martis" in 16th century Latin mss. surrounds printer's device on last verso.

Summary: Publication by Matthias Flacius of correspondence between Pope Paul III and his legates and the courts of Emperor Charles V and King Henry of France. With this publication, Flacius had intended to expose deceptions by the Pope during the Council of Trent.

Summary: Publication by Matthias Flacius of correspondence between Pope Paul III and his legates and the courts of Emperor Charles V and King Henry of France. With this publication, Flacius had intended to expose deceptions by the Pope during the Council of Trent.

Summary: Part two of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year. Bound with part one. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

Summary: Part two of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year. Bound with part one. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

Summary: This is Luther's reinstatement of the Litany of "All Saints", containing both the musical notation and German text of the antiphons.

Summary: This is Luther's reinstatement of the Litany of "All Saints", containing both the musical notation and German text of the antiphons.

Summary: Correspondence of Whitefield and other missionary Methodists in Great Britain, New England, South Carolina and Georgia, written 1746-July 1748.

Summary: Correspondence of Whitefield and other missionary Methodists in Great Britain, New England, South Carolina and Georgia, written 1746-July 1748.

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Summary: This theme [of transformation/rebirth] is continued in The Marks of the New Birth, which takes as its text Acts 19:5: “Have you received the Holy Ghost since ye believed?” Here, Whitefield presses the necessity of receiving the Holy Spirit in order to be a true Christian, the marks by which one can determine they have received the Spirit, and he then gives practical words of advice to people in different stages of their spiritual journeys.

Summary: This theme [of transformation/rebirth] is continued in The Marks of the New Birth, which takes as its text Acts 19:5: “Have you received the Holy Ghost since ye believed?” Here, Whitefield presses the necessity of receiving the Holy Spirit in order to be a true Christian, the marks by which one can determine they have received the Spirit, and he then gives practical words of advice to people in different stages of their spiritual journeys.

Summary: A farewell sermon given in Moorfields, London, stressing themes of salvation, atonement, and justification.

Summary: A farewell sermon given in Moorfields, London, stressing themes of salvation, atonement, and justification.

Summary: Latin grammar written by the English humanist Thomas Linacre. The preface was written by Philipp Melanchthon.

Summary: Latin grammar written by the English humanist Thomas Linacre. The preface was written by Philipp Melanchthon.

Summary: Johannes Garcaeus (Gartze) was a Lutheran theologian at the University of Greifswald. He is also known for his work in astrology. This work deals with the biblical and early Christian teaching about angels.

Summary: Johannes Garcaeus (Gartze) was a Lutheran theologian at the University of Greifswald. He is also known for his work in astrology. This work deals with the biblical and early Christian teaching about angels.

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