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Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: In a sermon against religious fanatics (Wider die Schwärmer), Luther had asserted the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. Zwingli responds by affirming the Reformed position that the practice of communion is to be seen as a symbolic act.

Summary: This pamphlet contains the Catholic response to the first, unauthorized edition of the Schwabach Articles, published in Coburg in 1530. Among the authors of this tract, Konrad Wimpina and Johannes Mensing helped draft the Catholic Confutation of the Augsburg Confession.

Summary: This pamphlet contains the Catholic response to the first, unauthorized edition of the Schwabach Articles, published in Coburg in 1530. Among the authors of this tract, Konrad Wimpina and Johannes Mensing helped draft the Catholic Confutation of the Augsburg Confession.

Summary: Joseph Klug printed the first collection of hymns that Luther prepared specifically for congregational use in Wittenberg in 1529. It followed the church year closely and was revised and reprinted several times. The renowned hymnal printed by Valentin Bapst (Geystlicher Lieder'; Leipzig, 1545) may be seen as a later edition of the Klug hymnal. (Robin Leaver, "Hymnals," in 'The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation' (1996) 2:286-89.)

Summary: Joseph Klug printed the first collection of hymns that Luther prepared specifically for congregational use in Wittenberg in 1529. It followed the church year closely and was revised and reprinted several times. The renowned hymnal printed by Valentin Bapst (Geystlicher Lieder'; Leipzig, 1545) may be seen as a later edition of the Klug hymnal. (Robin Leaver, "Hymnals," in 'The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation' (1996) 2:286-89.)

An engraving depicting the torture of Geleyn Corneliusz. The image depicts Corneliusz hanging from a crossbeam by one wrist, a weight tied around his opposite ankle, while his torturers play cards on the other side of the room.

An engraving depicting the torture of Geleyn Corneliusz. The image depicts Corneliusz hanging from a crossbeam by one wrist, a weight tied around his opposite ankle, while his torturers play cards on the other side of the room.

An engraving depicting the imprisonment of George Wanger. The image shows Wanger chained to a wall in a prison, lying on a bed of straw.

An engraving depicting the imprisonment of George Wanger. The image shows Wanger chained to a wall in a prison, lying on a bed of straw.

An engraving depicting Gerard Hasepoot speaking with his wife a final time before his execution. The image shows Hasepoot (center) denying the offered wine as he speaks to his crying wife who holds their child as the judges who sentenced him to death watch.

An engraving depicting Gerard Hasepoot speaking with his wife a final time before his execution. The image shows Hasepoot (center) denying the offered wine as he speaks to his crying wife who holds their child as the judges who sentenced him to death watch.

Summary:

Summary:

A woodcut depicting a hairy, bipedal beast, labeled as the "spook of the evil ghost," which is found in a vast desert beyond India in the land of Cathay. This type of ghost is said to lead travellers astray by mimicking the voices of their travelling companions.

A woodcut depicting a hairy, bipedal beast, labeled as the "spook of the evil ghost," which is found in a vast desert beyond India in the land of Cathay. This type of ghost is said to lead travellers astray by mimicking the voices of their travelling companions.

Summary:

Summary:

An engraving depicting a number of Waldensians and Albigenses, called "Publicans," being burned. The image shows a bound man being pushed into a bonfire, where several others have already been thrown, as a bishop and priest watch.

An engraving depicting a number of Waldensians and Albigenses, called "Publicans," being burned. The image shows a bound man being pushed into a bonfire, where several others have already been thrown, as a bishop and priest watch.

An engraving depicting the mass persecution of Anabaptists in Austria. The image shows men being led away in chains as their families weap and pray for them.

An engraving depicting the mass persecution of Anabaptists in Austria. The image shows men being led away in chains as their families weap and pray for them.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: Second printing of a an anti-Protestant tract by Kilian Leib, prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf. Leib was a Catholic theologian in the humanist tradition who was a firm opponent of Martin Luther's reforms. In 1530 he had participated in drafting the Catholic response to the Augsburg Confession. In this work, Leib outlines 7 causes for the Lutheran heresy, which include among others an unfavorable constellation of the stars, ordained by God to punish humanity.

Summary: Second printing of a an anti-Protestant tract by Kilian Leib, prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf. Leib was a Catholic theologian in the humanist tradition who was a firm opponent of Martin Luther's reforms. In 1530 he had participated in drafting the Catholic response to the Augsburg Confession. In this work, Leib outlines 7 causes for the Lutheran heresy, which include among others an unfavorable constellation of the stars, ordained by God to punish humanity.

An engraving depicting the execution of Willem Janss. The image shows Janss stepping up onto a bundle of wood beside a post as a monk and crowd watch.

An engraving depicting the execution of Willem Janss. The image shows Janss stepping up onto a bundle of wood beside a post as a monk and crowd watch.

An engraving depicting the execution of William White, a preacher and accused heretic. The image shows william standing before the stake he is to be burned at, while a bishop oversees the proceedings.

An engraving depicting the execution of William White, a preacher and accused heretic. The image shows william standing before the stake he is to be burned at, while a bishop oversees the proceedings.

An engraving depicting the execution of Heyndrick Eemkens. The image shows Eemkens bound by his neck to a post (right) and his executioner holding out a burning bundle of straw laced with gunpowder towards him.

An engraving depicting the execution of Heyndrick Eemkens. The image shows Eemkens bound by his neck to a post (right) and his executioner holding out a burning bundle of straw laced with gunpowder towards him.

An engraving depicting the execution of Hendrick Pruyt. The image shows Pruyt siting in his boat which has been set aflame.

An engraving depicting the execution of Hendrick Pruyt. The image shows Pruyt siting in his boat which has been set aflame.

An engraving depicting the executin of Hendrick Sumer and Jacob Mandel. The image shows Mandel's body laid out before Sumer in an attempt to convince him to recant.

An engraving depicting the executin of Hendrick Sumer and Jacob Mandel. The image shows Mandel's body laid out before Sumer in an attempt to convince him to recant.

Summary: There were 18 printings of the whole Bible in German before Luther's September Testament of 1522. These were all translated from the Latin vulgate. They are today chiefly remembered as giving the lie to the often expressed assertion that the Catholic Church discouraged the circulation of the Bible in the vernacular. Many church authorities were not pleased to admit that it was necessary to circulate it in German. But they realized that a certain lack of education coupled with the people's desire to know their religious heritage made it necessary to print in German.

Summary: There were 18 printings of the whole Bible in German before Luther's September Testament of 1522. These were all translated from the Latin vulgate. They are today chiefly remembered as giving the lie to the often expressed assertion that the Catholic Church discouraged the circulation of the Bible in the vernacular. Many church authorities were not pleased to admit that it was necessary to circulate it in German. But they realized that a certain lack of education coupled with the people's desire to know their religious heritage made it necessary to print in German.

A woodcut border to Luther's Ain Sermon vnd eingang in das Erst buoch Mosi, das ist, in das buoch der Schöpfung : darinn] gründtlich anzaygt wirdt, der Artickel des glaubens So wir sprechen, Ich glaub in Got vatter almechtigen, schöpffer hymel vnd erdtrichs printed in 1524. The border is composed of a single woodcut depicting an architectural archway supported by Corinthian columns (all), a pair of cherubs holding staves (top corners), and a pair of cherubs holding a medallion with a blank shield (bottom).

A woodcut border to Luther's Ain Sermon vnd eingang in das Erst buoch Mosi, das ist, in das buoch der Schöpfung : darinn] gründtlich anzaygt wirdt, der Artickel des glaubens So wir sprechen, Ich glaub in Got vatter almechtigen, schöpffer hymel vnd erdtrichs printed in 1524. The border is composed of a single woodcut depicting an architectural archway supported by Corinthian columns (all), a pair of cherubs holding staves (top corners), and a pair of cherubs holding a medallion with a blank shield (bottom).

A woodcut border to Luther's Ain Sermon von stercke vnnd zuo nemen des glaubens vn[d] der liebe : Aus der Epistel S. Pauli zun Eypesernn printed in 1525. The border is composed of a single woodcut depicting an architectural archway supported by Corinthian columns (all), a pair of cherubs holding staves (top corners), and a pair of cherubs holding a medallion with a blank shield (bottom).

A woodcut border to Luther's Ain Sermon von stercke vnnd zuo nemen des glaubens vn[d] der liebe : Aus der Epistel S. Pauli zun Eypesernn printed in 1525. The border is composed of a single woodcut depicting an architectural archway supported by Corinthian columns (all), a pair of cherubs holding staves (top corners), and a pair of cherubs holding a medallion with a blank shield (bottom).