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A woodcut depicting the Monk-Calf of Freyberg, which was born with a tonsure-like irregularity on its head, resembling the common hairstyle of a Catholic monk.

A woodcut depicting the Monk-Calf of Freyberg, which was born with a tonsure-like irregularity on its head, resembling the common hairstyle of a Catholic monk.

Summary: Luther's translation from the original Greek of the New Testament is a landmark in the history of the German language. His forceful style ensured that his Thuringian-Saxon dialect would provide the standard for High German in years to come. From a religious standpoint, Luther's decision to refer to the original Greek rather than merely to translate the Vulgate ensured that the German New Testament would be much more faithful to the original. Erasmus' New Testament provided the basis for the translation.

Summary: Luther's translation from the original Greek of the New Testament is a landmark in the history of the German language. His forceful style ensured that his Thuringian-Saxon dialect would provide the standard for High German in years to come. From a religious standpoint, Luther's decision to refer to the original Greek rather than merely to translate the Vulgate ensured that the German New Testament would be much more faithful to the original. Erasmus' New Testament provided the basis for the translation.

Summary: Luther's German translation of the Wittenberg usage of the Catholic rite of Baptism (Ordo baptizandi). The work was reprinted fifteen times between 1523 and 1526, when Luther issued a revised edition.

Summary: Luther's German translation of the Wittenberg usage of the Catholic rite of Baptism (Ordo baptizandi). The work was reprinted fifteen times between 1523 and 1526, when Luther issued a revised edition.

Signatures: A-Q⁸ R⁴

Signatures: A-Q⁸ R⁴

Summary: The Second printing of Luther's book, "Against the Heavenly Prophets addresses A. Karlstadt's doctrine of the Sacraments. This is the second printing of this work in its year of issue.

Summary: The Second printing of Luther's book, "Against the Heavenly Prophets addresses A. Karlstadt's doctrine of the Sacraments. This is the second printing of this work in its year of issue.

Summary: German translation by Martin Luther's colleague, Justus Jonas, of "De servo arbitrio". "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Luther's greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace.

Summary: German translation by Martin Luther's colleague, Justus Jonas, of "De servo arbitrio". "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Luther's greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace.

A map of the world including latitude and longitude markers. Personifications of the winds are depicted withing croulds surrounding the map and various monstrous creatures are depicted within the oceans.

A map of the world including latitude and longitude markers. Personifications of the winds are depicted withing croulds surrounding the map and various monstrous creatures are depicted within the oceans.

Summary: One of the problems that led to the Reformation was the sad state of ecclesiastical finance that forced many priests to change fees for the sacraments and other services. Von Gunzburg subjects such practices to sharp sanitization in the form of "praise of priests."

Summary: One of the problems that led to the Reformation was the sad state of ecclesiastical finance that forced many priests to change fees for the sacraments and other services. Von Gunzburg subjects such practices to sharp sanitization in the form of "praise of priests."

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's German translation of Psalms CXVIII from the Hebrew O.T., and is Luther's expanded version of his earlier Latin work.

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's German translation of Psalms CXVIII from the Hebrew O.T., and is Luther's expanded version of his earlier Latin work.

Summary: This is the third printing of Luther's German translation of his notes on Psalm 118. An Earlier German translation version had been published by Wenzeslaus Linck. Luther's expanded edition, as reprinted here, differs from Linck's in that it uses Eobanus Hessus' verse translation of the psalm, prepared with Luther's advice, as the scriptural text. Text in German includes Luther's German translation of Psalms CXVIII from the Hebrew O.T., and is Luther's expanded version of his earlier Latin work.

Summary: This is the third printing of Luther's German translation of his notes on Psalm 118. An Earlier German translation version had been published by Wenzeslaus Linck. Luther's expanded edition, as reprinted here, differs from Linck's in that it uses Eobanus Hessus' verse translation of the psalm, prepared with Luther's advice, as the scriptural text. Text in German includes Luther's German translation of Psalms CXVIII from the Hebrew O.T., and is Luther's expanded version of his earlier Latin work.

An engraving depicting the execution of David and Levina. The image shows Levina and David having been strangled and burned at the stake, and a man stabbing David to make sure he is dead.

An engraving depicting the execution of David and Levina. The image shows Levina and David having been strangled and burned at the stake, and a man stabbing David to make sure he is dead.

Summary: Kilian Leib was the prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf near Ingolstadt. He was a vehement opponent of the Lutheran movement and was involved in the drafting of the Confutatio Augustana. In this tract he defends priestly celibacy and chastity.

Summary: Kilian Leib was the prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf near Ingolstadt. He was a vehement opponent of the Lutheran movement and was involved in the drafting of the Confutatio Augustana. In this tract he defends priestly celibacy and chastity.

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Summary: Early book on the Ten Commandments and the Seven Deadly Sins by Martin Luther. Originally written in Latin, it is here translated into German by Sebastian Münster, a young Franciscan teacher/scholar, soon to become famous as one of the great Christian Hebraists of his time. This is the first printing of the German translation.

Summary: Early book on the Ten Commandments and the Seven Deadly Sins by Martin Luther. Originally written in Latin, it is here translated into German by Sebastian Münster, a young Franciscan teacher/scholar, soon to become famous as one of the great Christian Hebraists of his time. This is the first printing of the German translation.

A woodcut depicting the "Papal Ass," a monster purported to have been pulled from the Tiber in Rome as a portent of the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

A woodcut depicting the "Papal Ass," a monster purported to have been pulled from the Tiber in Rome as a portent of the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

Summary: This is the second printing of Luther's exposition of Psalm 147. Text in German includes M. Luther's German translation of Psalms CXLVII from the Hebrew O.T.

Summary: This is the second printing of Luther's exposition of Psalm 147. Text in German includes M. Luther's German translation of Psalms CXLVII from the Hebrew O.T.

Summary: The 1531 revision of Luther's German Psalter was more free and less literal than any of his previous translations. This is the first printing of this third and final edition of the German Psalter. The comittee that assisted Luther in revising this translation finished its work May 15, 1531. Printing was not completed until 1533.

Summary: The 1531 revision of Luther's German Psalter was more free and less literal than any of his previous translations. This is the first printing of this third and final edition of the German Psalter. The comittee that assisted Luther in revising this translation finished its work May 15, 1531. Printing was not completed until 1533.

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Summary: Popular piety and "modern" science here make mutual if unusual companions. Science is used to teach piety and piety reinforces a scientific perspective. The smile is that just as a wagon goes on four wheels, so philosophy and human thought proceed on their "fourfold paths"---logic, physics (medicine), ethics and theology.

Summary: Popular piety and "modern" science here make mutual if unusual companions. Science is used to teach piety and piety reinforces a scientific perspective. The smile is that just as a wagon goes on four wheels, so philosophy and human thought proceed on their "fourfold paths"---logic, physics (medicine), ethics and theology.

Summary: The only printing of a pamphlet against Andreas Osiander's interpretation of Luther's doctrine of salvation by faith, signed by several theologians and pastors from Wittenberg.

Summary: The only printing of a pamphlet against Andreas Osiander's interpretation of Luther's doctrine of salvation by faith, signed by several theologians and pastors from Wittenberg.