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A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Uon Menschenn Lere zu meyden printed in 1522. The border consists of a single woodcut depicting two birds flanking a plinth (top), a man wearing a hat and playing a flute with a bee at his shoulder (right), two cherubs holding up a blank crest (bottom), and a humanoid fiure with a pig or cow's head holding a rosary (right).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Uon Menschenn Lere zu meyden printed in 1522. The border consists of a single woodcut depicting two birds flanking a plinth (top), a man wearing a hat and playing a flute with a bee at his shoulder (right), two cherubs holding up a blank crest (bottom), and a humanoid fiure with a pig or cow's head holding a rosary (right).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's De votis monasticis judicium printed in 1522. The border is printed as a single woodcut and depicts an archway with cherubs playing the drum and flute (top), and cherubs holding the Electoral Arms of Saxony (left) and the Ducal Arms of Saxony (right).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's De votis monasticis judicium printed in 1522. The border is printed as a single woodcut and depicts an archway with cherubs playing the drum and flute (top), and cherubs holding the Electoral Arms of Saxony (left) and the Ducal Arms of Saxony (right).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Sermon Am Pfingstmontag das Evangelium. Joan. iij printed in 1522. The border consists of a single woodcut and depicts an architectural arch or niche decorated with Corinthian columns (sides), a lady and a knight holding blank shields (top left and right), a pair of sirens holding a blank shield (top), a blank shield filled in with a hand-drawn symbol flanked by two cherubs playing the drums and flute (bottom).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Sermon Am Pfingstmontag das Evangelium. Joan. iij printed in 1522. The border consists of a single woodcut and depicts an architectural arch or niche decorated with Corinthian columns (sides), a lady and a knight holding blank shields (top left and right), a pair of sirens holding a blank shield (top), a blank shield filled in with a hand-drawn symbol flanked by two cherubs playing the drums and flute (bottom).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Sermon von den Heiltumen printed in 1522. The border consists of four woodcuts, all featuring plant motifs with added elements, including: a bird (left), birds and bugs (top), fruits (right), and an urn (bottom). Within the border and below the title is a fifth woodcut depicting the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, with the Virgin Mary to the left and a saint to the right.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Sermon von den Heiltumen printed in 1522. The border consists of four woodcuts, all featuring plant motifs with added elements, including: a bird (left), birds and bugs (top), fruits (right), and an urn (bottom). Within the border and below the title is a fifth woodcut depicting the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, with the Virgin Mary to the left and a saint to the right.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Uom Missbrauch der Messen printed in 1522.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Uom Missbrauch der Messen printed in 1522.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Uom Missbrauch der Messen printed in 1522.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Uom Missbrauch der Messen printed in 1522.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Uon Menschenn Lere zu meyden printed in 1522. The border consists of a single woodcut depicting two birds flanking a plinth (top), a man wearing a hat and playing a flute with a bee at his shoulder (right), two cherubs holding up a blank crest (bottom), and a humanoid fiure with a pig or cow's head holding a rosary (right).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Uon Menschenn Lere zu meyden printed in 1522. The border consists of a single woodcut depicting two birds flanking a plinth (top), a man wearing a hat and playing a flute with a bee at his shoulder (right), two cherubs holding up a blank crest (bottom), and a humanoid fiure with a pig or cow's head holding a rosary (right).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Vom ehelichen Leben printed in 1522.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Vom ehelichen Leben printed in 1522.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Vom ehelichen Leben printed in 1522.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Vom ehelichen Leben printed in 1522.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Von Menschenlehre zu meiden printed in 1522. The border is compromised of a single woodcut featuring an architectural arch or niche decorated with foliage and roses and topped with a cherub head.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Von Menschenlehre zu meiden printed in 1522. The border is compromised of a single woodcut featuring an architectural arch or niche decorated with foliage and roses and topped with a cherub head.

A woodcut border on the title page to Luther's Von Menschenlehre zu meiden printed in 1522. The border depicts a series of cherubs, including two carrying another on a ram's pelt litter while it plays a horn and carries a standard.

A woodcut border on the title page to Luther's Von Menschenlehre zu meiden printed in 1522. The border depicts a series of cherubs, including two carrying another on a ram's pelt litter while it plays a horn and carries a standard.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Von der Beicht, ob die der Papst Macht have zu gebieten printed in 1522. The border is composed of four woodcuts designed to create a single, cohesive design of decorative plants and a pair of cherubs.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Von der Beicht, ob die der Papst Macht have zu gebieten printed in 1522. The border is composed of four woodcuts designed to create a single, cohesive design of decorative plants and a pair of cherubs.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's sermon on John 3 and God's love. The border is composed of a single woodcut and depicts a group of cherubs climbing trees and holding up a blank crest.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's sermon on John 3 and God's love. The border is composed of a single woodcut and depicts a group of cherubs climbing trees and holding up a blank crest.

The title page of Martin Luther's Passional Christi vnnd Antichristi featuring an architectural arch decorated with floral and vegetal patterns, a pair of cherubs framed with grape vines holding up the title from the top of each side of the arch.

The title page of Martin Luther's Passional Christi vnnd Antichristi featuring an architectural arch decorated with floral and vegetal patterns, a pair of cherubs framed with grape vines holding up the title from the top of each side of the arch.

An engraved title page to Jean Luiken's Theatre des Martyrs. In the center, there is a depiction of several martyrdoms, including being boiled, being spun on a wheel across spikes, and burning at the stake, under which is the phrase, "per angusta ad augusta" (from crisis to glory). Forming a border around the title information is a collection of weapons and instruments of torture which are related to various martyrdoms, including: swords, maces, spears, arrows, axes, clubs, halberds, flails, saws, knives, chains, manacles, torches, mallets, anchors, and a crown of thorns.

An engraved title page to Jean Luiken's Theatre des Martyrs. In the center, there is a depiction of several martyrdoms, including being boiled, being spun on a wheel across spikes, and burning at the stake, under which is the phrase, "per angusta ad augusta" (from crisis to glory). Forming a border around the title information is a collection of weapons and instruments of torture which are related to various martyrdoms, including: swords, maces, spears, arrows, axes, clubs, halberds, flails, saws, knives, chains, manacles, torches, mallets, anchors, and a crown of thorns.

The title page of Johan Eck's Vmb den grossen sig Kaiserlicher Maiestat, in Thunis verlihen, Got zu dancken, zwů predig ... features the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, featuring the two-headed eagle representing the Holy Roman Empire surrounded by the collar of the chivalric Order of the Golden Fleece and flanked by a pair of crowned columns representing the Pillars of Hercules. Above the coat of arms is the Charles V's motto, "Plus Ultra," translating to "Further Beyond."

The title page of Johan Eck's Vmb den grossen sig Kaiserlicher Maiestat, in Thunis verlihen, Got zu dancken, zwů predig ... features the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, featuring the two-headed eagle representing the Holy Roman Empire surrounded by the collar of the chivalric Order of the Golden Fleece and flanked by a pair of crowned columns representing the Pillars of Hercules. Above the coat of arms is the Charles V's motto, "Plus Ultra," translating to "Further Beyond."

The title page of Martin Schrot's Vrsprung vnd vrsach Gege[n]wertiger Vffrür, Teütscher Nation depicting the pope (in armor and the papal crown) leading an army, presumably set during the Schmalkald War, reinforcing the theme of the work which criticises the pope as a warrior attacking his sheep rather than leading them to God.

The title page of Martin Schrot's Vrsprung vnd vrsach Gege[n]wertiger Vffrür, Teütscher Nation depicting the pope (in armor and the papal crown) leading an army, presumably set during the Schmalkald War, reinforcing the theme of the work which criticises the pope as a warrior attacking his sheep rather than leading them to God.

The title page of Martin Luther's Wider die mordischen vnd reubischen Rotten der Pawren featuring an architectural frame including floral patterns, columns, and a pair of fish.

The title page of Martin Luther's Wider die mordischen vnd reubischen Rotten der Pawren featuring an architectural frame including floral patterns, columns, and a pair of fish.

The title page of Hans Baumann's Wie, vnd inn wölcher gestalt, der Eömischer [i.e. Römischer] Kayserlichen Mayestat, Landtgraff Philips von Hessen, auff dem neüntzehenden tag Junij, zuo Hall in Sachsen den fuossfall gethon. M.D.XLVII featuring the coat of arms of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, which features the two-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, bearing a quartered shield representing the regions he rules. The eagle is flanked by a pair of columns representing the Pillars of Hercules and his motto, "Plus Oultre," translated as "Further Beyond."

The title page of Hans Baumann's Wie, vnd inn wölcher gestalt, der Eömischer [i.e. Römischer] Kayserlichen Mayestat, Landtgraff Philips von Hessen, auff dem neüntzehenden tag Junij, zuo Hall in Sachsen den fuossfall gethon. M.D.XLVII featuring the coat of arms of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, which features the two-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, bearing a quartered shield representing the regions he rules. The eagle is flanked by a pair of columns representing the Pillars of Hercules and his motto, "Plus Oultre," translated as "Further Beyond."

A woodcut border on the title page of Wolfgang Wulffer's pamphlet against Luther, calling him a "false prophet." The border is composed of a single woodcut depicting cherubs (top and sides), dragons (top left and right), and a man reclining while wearing a hood with pointed ears (bottom).

A woodcut border on the title page of Wolfgang Wulffer's pamphlet against Luther, calling him a "false prophet." The border is composed of a single woodcut depicting cherubs (top and sides), dragons (top left and right), and a man reclining while wearing a hood with pointed ears (bottom).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's exposition of Psalm 109 printed in 1518. Along the bottom margin, the border features three portraits, one of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, one of a saint holding a spear and a book (possibly Saint Longinus), and one of a pope. Along both side margins are a series of decorative elements, including a cherub, two men chasing each other around a column, a pair of cats, a goose, and a trio of women. At the top of the page, there is a scene of two women with fish tails for legs (possibly a reference to Scylla) flanking a running boy and bird.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's exposition of Psalm 109 printed in 1518. Along the bottom margin, the border features three portraits, one of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, one of a saint holding a spear and a book (possibly Saint Longinus), and one of a pope. Along both side margins are a series of decorative elements, including a cherub, two men chasing each other around a column, a pair of cats, a goose, and a trio of women. At the top of the page, there is a scene of two women with fish tails for legs (possibly a reference to Scylla) flanking a running boy and bird.