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An engraving depicting the persecution of Anabaptists under Ferdinand II. The image shows a man being arrested while books are being burned behind him (left), a town being destroyed (background), and the belongings of families being siezed (right).

An engraving depicting the persecution of Anabaptists under Ferdinand II. The image shows a man being arrested while books are being burned behind him (left), a town being destroyed (background), and the belongings of families being siezed (right).

Summary: Melanchthon's "Handtbuchlein" is among the first attempts at a Protestant catechism. It is a collection of selections from scripture passages, prayers, and other text intended as instruction for students in German schools. Noteworthy are the "Seven Wise Saying" derived from Periander by Erasmus.

Summary: Melanchthon's "Handtbuchlein" is among the first attempts at a Protestant catechism. It is a collection of selections from scripture passages, prayers, and other text intended as instruction for students in German schools. Noteworthy are the "Seven Wise Saying" derived from Periander by Erasmus.

Summary: First German printing of this treatise by Philipp Melanchthon on the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

Summary: First German printing of this treatise by Philipp Melanchthon on the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Phocas, the Bishop of Sinope. The image shows Phocas being tossed into a large, boiling bath (left) while a soldier (right) directs an old man's attention to the event. In the background a steaming lime kiln can be seen (right).

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Phocas, the Bishop of Sinope. The image shows Phocas being tossed into a large, boiling bath (left) while a soldier (right) directs an old man's attention to the event. In the background a steaming lime kiln can be seen (right).

An engraving depicting Pieter Pieters Beckjen, who was later burned at the stake, preaching to a group in his boat. The image shows a group of nine gathered in a boat while a man at the bow reads from a Bible, the city of Amsterdam visible behind them.

An engraving depicting Pieter Pieters Beckjen, who was later burned at the stake, preaching to a group in his boat. The image shows a group of nine gathered in a boat while a man at the bow reads from a Bible, the city of Amsterdam visible behind them.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Polycarp. The image shows Polycarp sitting on a blazing fire with eyes turned towards heaven as a man stabs him with a sword.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Polycarp. The image shows Polycarp sitting on a blazing fire with eyes turned towards heaven as a man stabs him with a sword.

A woodcut image, possibly a printer's mark of Johann Schott, depicting God's hand descending from Heaven grasping a mace with a nest of storks on top of it (top left) and a fallen knight beneath the mace (bottom). Above and below the mark are the words "Allein Gott eer" (above) and "Aller Gewalt von Gott" (below).

A woodcut image, possibly a printer's mark of Johann Schott, depicting God's hand descending from Heaven grasping a mace with a nest of storks on top of it (top left) and a fallen knight beneath the mace (bottom). Above and below the mark are the words "Allein Gott eer" (above) and "Aller Gewalt von Gott" (below).

A woodcut image, possibly a printer's mark of Johann Schott, depicting God's hand descending from Heaven grasping a mace with a nest of storks on top of it (top left) and a fallen knight beneath the mace (bottom). Four lines of text in German, Latin, Hebrew, and Greek, surround the image: "Aller Gewalt von Gott" (top), ": מרשךרם חשפסך בנר אךם" (right), "Parcere Subiectis, & debellare Superbos" (bottom), "πἃδα ψυχη' έξουσί'αισ ύπερεχούδαισ ύποταδδε'ολω" (left).

A woodcut image, possibly a printer's mark of Johann Schott, depicting God's hand descending from Heaven grasping a mace with a nest of storks on top of it (top left) and a fallen knight beneath the mace (bottom). Four lines of text in German, Latin, Hebrew, and Greek, surround the image: "Aller Gewalt von Gott" (top), ": מרשךרם חשפסך בנר אךם" (right), "Parcere Subiectis, & debellare Superbos" (bottom), "πἃδα ψυχη' έξουσί'αισ ύπερεχούδαισ ύποταδδε'ολω" (left).

Summary: Second German edition of Johannes Brenz' postil or lectionary sermons, presented in three parts. The fourth part is a harmony and interpretation of the four Gospel passion stories.

Summary: Second German edition of Johannes Brenz' postil or lectionary sermons, presented in three parts. The fourth part is a harmony and interpretation of the four Gospel passion stories.

A woodcut of Johann Schott's printer's device, depicting a pair of dogs fighting, each biting the other's back and the initials "RSM". This version includes additional rubrication to highlight the points where each dog is biting.

A woodcut of Johann Schott's printer's device, depicting a pair of dogs fighting, each biting the other's back and the initials "RSM". This version includes additional rubrication to highlight the points where each dog is biting.

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting guards taking prisoners to Castel Sant'Angelo (while others are left alone) (top) and a depiction of the nightly patrol that occurs during the Conclave in Rome (bottom).

A pair of woodcuts with captions depicting guards taking prisoners to Castel Sant'Angelo (while others are left alone) (top) and a depiction of the nightly patrol that occurs during the Conclave in Rome (bottom).

Summary:

Summary:

A map of the world with latitude and longitude markers as it was known during the Ptolemaic period, including mountain ranges and rivers and spanning from Europe, to central Africa, and over to India. Personifications of the winds are depicted within the clouds surrounding the map.

A map of the world with latitude and longitude markers as it was known during the Ptolemaic period, including mountain ranges and rivers and spanning from Europe, to central Africa, and over to India. Personifications of the winds are depicted within the clouds surrounding the map.

An engraving depicting the burning of forty individuals accused of heresy by the Council of Orleans. The image depicts bound figures being lead to a massive bonfire.

An engraving depicting the burning of forty individuals accused of heresy by the Council of Orleans. The image depicts bound figures being lead to a massive bonfire.

This collection consists of a single receipt, on paper, for 20 Gulden which Jonas received as salary from the City Council of Erfurt. Our research has so far been unable to determine just why Jonas was being paid by the City Council. The fact that he uses the word "Zinse" (interest income, or, income from a benefice) suggests that it was for services rendered as a preacher in that City. It is also known that he was considering returning to Erfurt as a preacher after the debacle at Halle. The receipt is signed by Justus Jonas and is dated the 2nd February 1549.

This collection consists of a single receipt, on paper, for 20 Gulden which Jonas received as salary from the City Council of Erfurt. Our research has so far been unable to determine just why Jonas was being paid by the City Council. The fact that he uses the word "Zinse" (interest income, or, income from a benefice) suggests that it was for services rendered as a preacher in that City. It is also known that he was considering returning to Erfurt as a preacher after the debacle at Halle. The receipt is signed by Justus Jonas and is dated the 2nd February 1549.

Summary: This is the fifth printing of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition, on the power of the Pope, prepared for the Leipzig Disputation.

Summary: This is the fifth printing of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition, on the power of the Pope, prepared for the Leipzig Disputation.

Summary: One of the thorniest issues raised in the Leipzig Disputation was the historical precedence of papal authority. Eck argued that from earliest times, the authority of the bishop of Rome was accepted by the other bishops. Luther's thirteenth proposition argued that only much later did the church in Rome claim precedence over the other churches.

Summary: One of the thorniest issues raised in the Leipzig Disputation was the historical precedence of papal authority. Eck argued that from earliest times, the authority of the bishop of Rome was accepted by the other bishops. Luther's thirteenth proposition argued that only much later did the church in Rome claim precedence over the other churches.

Summary: Response singed by 30 gnesio-Luther theologians, who had been expelled from the city of Jena.

Summary: Response singed by 30 gnesio-Luther theologians, who had been expelled from the city of Jena.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Andrew the Apostle. The image shows Andrew bound with rope to an X-shaped cross while a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Andrew the Apostle. The image shows Andrew bound with rope to an X-shaped cross while a crowd watches.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Barnabas. The image shows Barnabas being dragged by a rope around his neck towards a fire which is being built in the background.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Barnabas. The image shows Barnabas being dragged by a rope around his neck towards a fire which is being built in the background.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew the Apostle. The image shows Bartholomew tied upsidedown to an X-shaped cross while two men flay him with knives before a crowd of onlookers, while in the foreground, a headsman's ax sits ready to behead him.

An engraving depicting the martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew the Apostle. The image shows Bartholomew tied upsidedown to an X-shaped cross while two men flay him with knives before a crowd of onlookers, while in the foreground, a headsman's ax sits ready to behead him.