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A depiction of seven notable scholars (real and mythological) from ancient Greece and Rome, including (clockwise from the bottom left): Xenokrates (ΞΕΝΟΚΡΑΤΗς), Pamphilos (ΠΑΜΦΙΛΟς), Machaon (ΜΑΧΑωΝ), Cheiron (ΧΕΙΡωΝ), Nigros or Niger (ΝΙΓΡΟς), [H]erakleides (ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΔΗς), and Mantias (ΜΑΝΤΙΑς).

A depiction of seven notable scholars (real and mythological) from ancient Greece and Rome, including (clockwise from the bottom left): Xenokrates (ΞΕΝΟΚΡΑΤΗς), Pamphilos (ΠΑΜΦΙΛΟς), Machaon (ΜΑΧΑωΝ), Cheiron (ΧΕΙΡωΝ), Nigros or Niger (ΝΙΓΡΟς), [H]erakleides (ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΔΗς), and Mantias (ΜΑΝΤΙΑς).

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Summary: In 1518 Luther was summoned to Rome. He appealed to Frederick, Elector of Saxony who was attending the imperial Diet in Augsburg. Frederick negotiated with the Papal Legate Cajetan who finally agreed to a hearing in Augsburg. Luther went there with an imperial escort and then returned safely to Wittenberg. This is Luther's report of what took place in Augsburg. It is the fifth printing of the "Acta Augustana."

Summary: In 1518 Luther was summoned to Rome. He appealed to Frederick, Elector of Saxony who was attending the imperial Diet in Augsburg. Frederick negotiated with the Papal Legate Cajetan who finally agreed to a hearing in Augsburg. Luther went there with an imperial escort and then returned safely to Wittenberg. This is Luther's report of what took place in Augsburg. It is the fifth printing of the "Acta Augustana."

Summary: A unique printing of an answer by Luther to the attacks of one his earliest opponents, Johann Eck.

Summary: A unique printing of an answer by Luther to the attacks of one his earliest opponents, Johann Eck.

Summary: Fredrick the Wise asked Luther to write to Emperor Charles V after the publication of his Open letter to the Christian Nobility in order to express his loyalty. Spalatin convinced Luther to write this letter of submission and edited it for publication.

Summary: Fredrick the Wise asked Luther to write to Emperor Charles V after the publication of his Open letter to the Christian Nobility in order to express his loyalty. Spalatin convinced Luther to write this letter of submission and edited it for publication.

Summary: First edition of Luther's response to Hieronymus Emser's report of the Leipzig Disputation between Martin Luther, Andreas Bodenstein Karlstadt and Johann Eck. Emser, who had been initially sympathetic to Luther's position had accompanied Eck to Leipzig, where he broke with the reformer. In his report, he tried to associate Luther with the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus, who had been burnt at the stake during the Council of Constance in 1415.

Summary: First edition of Luther's response to Hieronymus Emser's report of the Leipzig Disputation between Martin Luther, Andreas Bodenstein Karlstadt and Johann Eck. Emser, who had been initially sympathetic to Luther's position had accompanied Eck to Leipzig, where he broke with the reformer. In his report, he tried to associate Luther with the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus, who had been burnt at the stake during the Council of Constance in 1415.

Summary: Johann Eck responds in this early work to Luther's pamphlet "Contra malignum Iohannis Eccii iudicium."

Summary: Johann Eck responds in this early work to Luther's pamphlet "Contra malignum Iohannis Eccii iudicium."

Summary: This is another academic disputation by Eck at Ingolstadt on monastic vows including 160 theses "in praise of those men who practice the monastic life."

Summary: This is another academic disputation by Eck at Ingolstadt on monastic vows including 160 theses "in praise of those men who practice the monastic life."

A woodcut depicting Adam and Eve eating from the Tree of Knowledge as God looks on from Heaven. To the right, they are expelled from Eden by an angel wielding a sword. A set of four decorative woodcuts create a border around the main image and depict plants and birds.

A woodcut depicting Adam and Eve eating from the Tree of Knowledge as God looks on from Heaven. To the right, they are expelled from Eden by an angel wielding a sword. A set of four decorative woodcuts create a border around the main image and depict plants and birds.

Summary: Poetic paraphrases of the Psalms by the humanist and reformer Adam Siber.

Summary: Poetic paraphrases of the Psalms by the humanist and reformer Adam Siber.

An engraved portrait of Pope Adrian VI, who sat as pope from 1522-1523. The portrait shows Adrian VI wearing elaborate vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "ADRIANVS. VI. PAPA. TRAIECTENSIS. BELGA".

An engraved portrait of Pope Adrian VI, who sat as pope from 1522-1523. The portrait shows Adrian VI wearing elaborate vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "ADRIANVS. VI. PAPA. TRAIECTENSIS. BELGA".

Indulgences were issued to defray the cost of building the basilica of St. Peter in Rome. Their distribution was often linked to the sacrament of penance, as believers were granted spiritual merits in exchange for financial donations. This particular indulgence, believed to be the only specimen of its kind thus far recovered, was issued specifically to clergy, granting them liturgical benefits in exchange for their contributions.

Indulgences were issued to defray the cost of building the basilica of St. Peter in Rome. Their distribution was often linked to the sacrament of penance, as believers were granted spiritual merits in exchange for financial donations. This particular indulgence, believed to be the only specimen of its kind thus far recovered, was issued specifically to clergy, granting them liturgical benefits in exchange for their contributions.

An engraved portrait of Antipope Alexander V, who was elected by the Council of Pisa during the Western Schism and held the office from 1409-1410. The portrait shows Alexander V wearing a papal miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "ALEXANDER. V. PAPA. CRETENSIS. GRÆCVS".

An engraved portrait of Antipope Alexander V, who was elected by the Council of Pisa during the Western Schism and held the office from 1409-1410. The portrait shows Alexander V wearing a papal miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "ALEXANDER. V. PAPA. CRETENSIS. GRÆCVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Alexander VI, who sat as pope from 1492-1503. The portrait shows Alexander VI wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper right corner. The portrait is labeled "ALEXANDER. VI. PAPA. VALENTINVS. HISP".

An engraved portrait of Pope Alexander VI, who sat as pope from 1492-1503. The portrait shows Alexander VI wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper right corner. The portrait is labeled "ALEXANDER. VI. PAPA. VALENTINVS. HISP".

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

An engraving depicting the Altar of All Saints which contains minor relics of various saints.

An engraving depicting the Altar of All Saints which contains minor relics of various saints.

Summary: A selection of criticisms of Luther's views on the spiritual origins of the Papacy by one of his early opponents, Ambrosius Catharinus, edited by another of his early opponents, Hieronymus Emser, and dedicated by Emser to a third Luther opponent, Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altenzelle.

Summary: A selection of criticisms of Luther's views on the spiritual origins of the Papacy by one of his early opponents, Ambrosius Catharinus, edited by another of his early opponents, Hieronymus Emser, and dedicated by Emser to a third Luther opponent, Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altenzelle.

Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

An engraving depicting the main altar of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.

An engraving depicting the main altar of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.