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A woodcut border and central illustration on the title page to Luther's Disputatio et excusatio printed in 1519. The border is composed of four separate decorative woodcuts: the left and top ones featuring plants and flowers, the right one depicting a stick with a ribbon coiled around it and stars in the background, and the bottom one depicting a monkey amidst floral ornaments. At the center of the page is a separate woodcut depicting a bishop, carrying a staff and book.

A woodcut border and central illustration on the title page to Luther's Disputatio et excusatio printed in 1519. The border is composed of four separate decorative woodcuts: the left and top ones featuring plants and flowers, the right one depicting a stick with a ribbon coiled around it and stars in the background, and the bottom one depicting a monkey amidst floral ornaments. At the center of the page is a separate woodcut depicting a bishop, carrying a staff and book.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Iudicium de votis printed in 1521. The border is done as a single woodcut depicting a monk (left), a nun (right), a Green Man of pagan and Christian lore (bottom), and a bowl of fruit (top). The intermediate spaces are filled with floral and plant decorative motifs.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Iudicium de votis printed in 1521. The border is done as a single woodcut depicting a monk (left), a nun (right), a Green Man of pagan and Christian lore (bottom), and a bowl of fruit (top). The intermediate spaces are filled with floral and plant decorative motifs.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Sermo de penitentia printed in 1519. Along the bottom margin, the border features three portraits, one of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, one of a saint holding a spear and a book (possibly Saint Longinus), and one of a pope. Along both side margins are a series of decorative elements, including a cherub, two men chasing each other around a column, a pair of cats, a goose, and a trio of women. At the top of the page, there is a scene of two women with fish tails for legs (possibly a reference to Scylla) flanking a running boy and bird.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Sermo de penitentia printed in 1519. Along the bottom margin, the border features three portraits, one of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, one of a saint holding a spear and a book (possibly Saint Longinus), and one of a pope. Along both side margins are a series of decorative elements, including a cherub, two men chasing each other around a column, a pair of cats, a goose, and a trio of women. At the top of the page, there is a scene of two women with fish tails for legs (possibly a reference to Scylla) flanking a running boy and bird.

A woodcut border on the title page to Luther's Sermon von dem ehelichen Stand printed in 1519. The border depicts a series of cherubs, including two carrying another on a ram's pelt litter while it plays a horn and carries a standard.

A woodcut border on the title page to Luther's Sermon von dem ehelichen Stand printed in 1519. The border depicts a series of cherubs, including two carrying another on a ram's pelt litter while it plays a horn and carries a standard.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition on the power of the Pope printed in 1519. The border depicts philosophers gathered around the Castalian spring, where historically the Delphi priestesses bathed before announcing their oracles, with the twin peaks of Mount Parnassus in the background. Along the sides and top of the border are a series of musicians playing flutes, harps, bagpipes, lutes, horns, and violins.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's defense of his thirteenth proposition on the power of the Pope printed in 1519. The border depicts philosophers gathered around the Castalian spring, where historically the Delphi priestesses bathed before announcing their oracles, with the twin peaks of Mount Parnassus in the background. Along the sides and top of the border are a series of musicians playing flutes, harps, bagpipes, lutes, horns, and violins.

A historiated woodcut border of the title page of Moriae encomium : nunc postremum ab ipso autore religiose recognitu[m] una cum alijs aliquot libellis, no[n] minus eruditis quam amoenis, quorum omniu[m] titulos proxima pagella loquetur. The border features the personifications of several deadly sins and cardinal virtues, including Pride, Greed, Justice, Prudence, and Hope. At the bottom of the border, the personified Fortuna rides a horse as a skeleton shoots a man with an arrow.

A historiated woodcut border of the title page of Moriae encomium : nunc postremum ab ipso autore religiose recognitu[m] una cum alijs aliquot libellis, no[n] minus eruditis quam amoenis, quorum omniu[m] titulos proxima pagella loquetur. The border features the personifications of several deadly sins and cardinal virtues, including Pride, Greed, Justice, Prudence, and Hope. At the bottom of the border, the personified Fortuna rides a horse as a skeleton shoots a man with an arrow.

The title page of Peter Lambeck's Petri Lambecii Hamburgensis Commentariorum de augustissima Bibliotheca Caesarea Vindobonensi liber secundus featuring the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire, guarded from above by an eagle holding a sceptre and a sword. To the left and right of the main coat of arms are an additional two crests, a book and pen, and a helmet.

The title page of Peter Lambeck's Petri Lambecii Hamburgensis Commentariorum de augustissima Bibliotheca Caesarea Vindobonensi liber secundus featuring the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire, guarded from above by an eagle holding a sceptre and a sword. To the left and right of the main coat of arms are an additional two crests, a book and pen, and a helmet.

The title page of Galileo Galilei's Systema cosmicvm, authore Galilæo Galilæi ... : in quo qvatvor dialogis, de duobus maximis mundi systematibus, Ptolemaico & Copernicano, vtriusq; rationibus philosophicis ac naturalibus indefinite propositis disseritur featuring Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, and Nicolaus Copernicus gathered between a pair of columns holding up a banner with the book's title. Above the title, a pair of cherubs support the Medici coat of arms. Ptolemy holds an armillary sphere model and Copernicus holds a model of the Earth orbiting the Sun.

The title page of Galileo Galilei's Systema cosmicvm, authore Galilæo Galilæi ... : in quo qvatvor dialogis, de duobus maximis mundi systematibus, Ptolemaico & Copernicano, vtriusq; rationibus philosophicis ac naturalibus indefinite propositis disseritur featuring Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, and Nicolaus Copernicus gathered between a pair of columns holding up a banner with the book's title. Above the title, a pair of cherubs support the Medici coat of arms. Ptolemy holds an armillary sphere model and Copernicus holds a model of the Earth orbiting the Sun.

The title page of Johan Eck's Vmb den grossen sig Kaiserlicher Maiestat, in Thunis verlihen, Got zu dancken, zwů predig ... features the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, featuring the two-headed eagle representing the Holy Roman Empire surrounded by the collar of the chivalric Order of the Golden Fleece and flanked by a pair of crowned columns representing the Pillars of Hercules. Above the coat of arms is the Charles V's motto, "Plus Ultra," translating to "Further Beyond."

The title page of Johan Eck's Vmb den grossen sig Kaiserlicher Maiestat, in Thunis verlihen, Got zu dancken, zwů predig ... features the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, featuring the two-headed eagle representing the Holy Roman Empire surrounded by the collar of the chivalric Order of the Golden Fleece and flanked by a pair of crowned columns representing the Pillars of Hercules. Above the coat of arms is the Charles V's motto, "Plus Ultra," translating to "Further Beyond."

A woodcut border on the title page of Johann Eck's pamphlet in support of Hieronymus Emser printed in 1519. The entire border is created using four different woodcuts on each side. The bottom woodcut features a pair of cherubs holding up the coat of arms of Chemintz (possibly a reversed coat of arms of Leipzig). The left hand woodcut includes a cherub holding up a decorative stand upon which is a man battling a boar. The right hand woodcut includes a bent over cherub supporting a decorative stand on top of which stands a drummer.

A woodcut border on the title page of Johann Eck's pamphlet in support of Hieronymus Emser printed in 1519. The entire border is created using four different woodcuts on each side. The bottom woodcut features a pair of cherubs holding up the coat of arms of Chemintz (possibly a reversed coat of arms of Leipzig). The left hand woodcut includes a cherub holding up a decorative stand upon which is a man battling a boar. The right hand woodcut includes a bent over cherub supporting a decorative stand on top of which stands a drummer.

A woodcut border on the title page of Johann Lange's Oratio published in 1519. The border is comprised of one complete woodcut and depicts a group of angels playing music as the Virgin Mary, Jesus, and several other saints watch. Additional scenes of cherubs picking fruit and climbing trees appear in the left and right border sections.

A woodcut border on the title page of Johann Lange's Oratio published in 1519. The border is comprised of one complete woodcut and depicts a group of angels playing music as the Virgin Mary, Jesus, and several other saints watch. Additional scenes of cherubs picking fruit and climbing trees appear in the left and right border sections.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's In epistolam Pauli ad Galatas commentarius printed in 1519. The border depicts philosophers gathered around the Castalian spring, where historically the Delphi priestesses bathed before announcing their oracles, with the twin peaks of Mount Parnassus in the background. Along the sides and top of the border are a series of musicians playing flutes, harps, bagpipes, lutes, horns, and violins.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's In epistolam Pauli ad Galatas commentarius printed in 1519. The border depicts philosophers gathered around the Castalian spring, where historically the Delphi priestesses bathed before announcing their oracles, with the twin peaks of Mount Parnassus in the background. Along the sides and top of the border are a series of musicians playing flutes, harps, bagpipes, lutes, horns, and violins.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's In epistolam Pauli ad Galatas commentarius printed in 1519. The border depicts philosophers gathered around the Castalian spring, where historically the Delphi priestesses bathed before announcing their oracles, with the twin peaks of Mount Parnassus in the background. Along the sides and top of the border are a series of musicians playing flutes, harps, bagpipes, lutes, horns, and violins.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's In epistolam Pauli ad Galatas commentarius printed in 1519. The border depicts philosophers gathered around the Castalian spring, where historically the Delphi priestesses bathed before announcing their oracles, with the twin peaks of Mount Parnassus in the background. Along the sides and top of the border are a series of musicians playing flutes, harps, bagpipes, lutes, horns, and violins.

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Resolutiones Lutherianae super propositionibus suis Lipsiae disputatis printed in 1519. The border depicts a fox chasing a bird (bottom), three boars (one holding a sword, one stirring a pot, and one wearing a crown and holding a scepter; right), a man with a comb (?) (top), and two men (one with a bucket and the other working a printing press; left).

A woodcut border on the title page of Luther's Resolutiones Lutherianae super propositionibus suis Lipsiae disputatis printed in 1519. The border depicts a fox chasing a bird (bottom), three boars (one holding a sword, one stirring a pot, and one wearing a crown and holding a scepter; right), a man with a comb (?) (top), and two men (one with a bucket and the other working a printing press; left).

A woodcut border on the title page of the fifth printing of Luther's sermon on the sacrament of penance. The border depicts philosophers gathered around the Castalian spring, where historically the Delphi priestesses bathed before announcing their oracles, with the twin peaks of Mount Parnassus in the background. Along the sides and top of the border are a series of musicians playing flutes, harps, bagpipes, lutes, horns, and violins.

A woodcut border on the title page of the fifth printing of Luther's sermon on the sacrament of penance. The border depicts philosophers gathered around the Castalian spring, where historically the Delphi priestesses bathed before announcing their oracles, with the twin peaks of Mount Parnassus in the background. Along the sides and top of the border are a series of musicians playing flutes, harps, bagpipes, lutes, horns, and violins.

A woodcut border on the title page of Silvestro da Prierio Mazzolini's refutation of Luther's 95 Theses printed in 1518. Along the bottom margin, the border features three portraits, one of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, one of a saint holding a spear and a book (possibly Saint Longinus), and one of a pope. Along both side margins are a series of decorative elements, including a cherub, two men chasing each other around a column, a pair of cats, a goose, and a trio of women.

A woodcut border on the title page of Silvestro da Prierio Mazzolini's refutation of Luther's 95 Theses printed in 1518. Along the bottom margin, the border features three portraits, one of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, one of a saint holding a spear and a book (possibly Saint Longinus), and one of a pope. Along both side margins are a series of decorative elements, including a cherub, two men chasing each other around a column, a pair of cats, a goose, and a trio of women.

An engraved headpiece to the fifth, eleventh, and seventeenth books of Moyne's epic, "Saint Louys," depicting a pair of scepters (one topped with a fleur-de-lis and one with a hand) interwoven with a crown of thorns beneath a banner with the Latin motto, "hoc nexu immota manebunt" (this/these will remain/endure by imovable binds).

An engraved headpiece to the fifth, eleventh, and seventeenth books of Moyne's epic, "Saint Louys," depicting a pair of scepters (one topped with a fleur-de-lis and one with a hand) interwoven with a crown of thorns beneath a banner with the Latin motto, "hoc nexu immota manebunt" (this/these will remain/endure by imovable binds).

A woodcut depicting Hosea, his wife, Gomer, and their three children, Jezreel, Lo-Ruhamah, and Lo-Ammi. The first verse of the book of Hosea is printed above.

A woodcut depicting Hosea, his wife, Gomer, and their three children, Jezreel, Lo-Ruhamah, and Lo-Ammi. The first verse of the book of Hosea is printed above.

Map of Jerusalem taken from Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1544), YY4-5 (pages [1015]-1018).

Map of Jerusalem taken from Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia (Basel: Heinrich Petri, 1544), YY4-5 (pages [1015]-1018).

The act of instructing the ignorant, illustrated and accompanied by scriptural references.

The act of instructing the ignorant, illustrated and accompanied by scriptural references.

An illuminated page from the 1472 printed edition of Honorius of Atun's Cristianus ad solitariu[m] quendam De ymagine mundi. The illumination includes two initial letters "S" accented with floral patterns. The illumination uses blue, green, and red color with gold accents.

An illuminated page from the 1472 printed edition of Honorius of Atun's Cristianus ad solitariu[m] quendam De ymagine mundi. The illumination includes two initial letters "S" accented with floral patterns. The illumination uses blue, green, and red color with gold accents.