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An engraved portrait of Pope Innocent VIII, who sat as pope from 1484-1492. The portrait shows Innocent VIII wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "INNOCENTIVS. VIII. PAPA. GENVENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Innocent VIII, who sat as pope from 1484-1492. The portrait shows Innocent VIII wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "INNOCENTIVS. VIII. PAPA. GENVENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Innocent VII, who sat as pope from 1404-1406. The portrait shows Innocent VII wearing a papal miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "INNOCENTIVS. VII. PAPA. SVLMONENSIS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Innocent VII, who sat as pope from 1404-1406. The portrait shows Innocent VII wearing a papal miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "INNOCENTIVS. VII. PAPA. SVLMONENSIS".

An engraving depicting the altar commisioned by Paul V to house the Salus Populi Romani, believed to be painted by Saint Luke. Above the altar is a depiction of Pope Liberius outlining the original foundations of the basilica.

An engraving depicting the altar commisioned by Paul V to house the Salus Populi Romani, believed to be painted by Saint Luke. Above the altar is a depiction of Pope Liberius outlining the original foundations of the basilica.

Summary: One of three reprints from the year of its first publication, this work by Melanchthon is one of the earliest textbooks for the study of rhetoric as an integral part of an education in the liberal arts.

Summary: One of three reprints from the year of its first publication, this work by Melanchthon is one of the earliest textbooks for the study of rhetoric as an integral part of an education in the liberal arts.

An engraving of the entry to the vestry at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.

An engraving of the entry to the vestry at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.

Summary: As professor of Logic and Rhetoric at Ingolstadt, Eck had the duty of writing the theses his students defended as part of the requirement for obtaining their doctorates. This one on oaths and vows was written and defended in 1516. M. Kretz was the respondent. This is a very early example of a printed dissertation.

Summary: As professor of Logic and Rhetoric at Ingolstadt, Eck had the duty of writing the theses his students defended as part of the requirement for obtaining their doctorates. This one on oaths and vows was written and defended in 1516. M. Kretz was the respondent. This is a very early example of a printed dissertation.

An engraved portrait of Antipope John XXIII, who was elected by the Council of Pisa during the Western Schism and held the office from 1410-1415. The portrait shows John XXIII wearing a bishop's miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IOANNES. XXIII. PAPA. NEAPOLITANVS".

An engraved portrait of Antipope John XXIII, who was elected by the Council of Pisa during the Western Schism and held the office from 1410-1415. The portrait shows John XXIII wearing a bishop's miter with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IOANNES. XXIII. PAPA. NEAPOLITANVS".

Summary: Reuchlin had visited Rome in 1490, where he was introduced to Rabbinic literature as well as the cabala.

Summary: Reuchlin had visited Rome in 1490, where he was introduced to Rabbinic literature as well as the cabala.

An engraved portrait of Johann Eck, one of Martin Luther's notable opponents. Includes two captions: "Iohannes Eckius Canonicus Theologiae Doctor et Propagator Eccle. Rom." and "natus in pago Eck 13.Nov.1486 Obiit 10 Febr.1543 at 57. Procancellarius Acad. Ingolstad."

An engraved portrait of Johann Eck, one of Martin Luther's notable opponents. Includes two captions: "Iohannes Eckius Canonicus Theologiae Doctor et Propagator Eccle. Rom." and "natus in pago Eck 13.Nov.1486 Obiit 10 Febr.1543 at 57. Procancellarius Acad. Ingolstad."

Summary: This rare anti-Lutheran tract was directed chiefly against Luther's views on the power of the Papacy, but includes material on the Word and Sacraments as well.

Summary: This rare anti-Lutheran tract was directed chiefly against Luther's views on the power of the Papacy, but includes material on the Word and Sacraments as well.

Summary: First edition of a short tract written by Luther at Wartburg castle and addressed to the bishop and religious leaders in Wittenberg. In 139 brief statements, Luther warns that religious vows and monastic life do not by themselves bring about the forgiveness of sins.

Summary: First edition of a short tract written by Luther at Wartburg castle and addressed to the bishop and religious leaders in Wittenberg. In 139 brief statements, Luther warns that religious vows and monastic life do not by themselves bring about the forgiveness of sins.

An engraved portrait of Pope Julius II, who sat as pope from 1503-1513. The portrait shows Julius II sitting in a chair with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IVLIVS. II. PAPA. SAVONENSIS. LIGVR".

An engraved portrait of Pope Julius II, who sat as pope from 1503-1513. The portrait shows Julius II sitting in a chair with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IVLIVS. II. PAPA. SAVONENSIS. LIGVR".

An engraved portrait of Pope Julius III, who sat as pope from 1550-1555. The portrait shows Julius III wearing a simple miter and vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IVLIVS. III. PAPA. ARRETINVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Julius III, who sat as pope from 1550-1555. The portrait shows Julius III wearing a simple miter and vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "IVLIVS. III. PAPA. ARRETINVS".

Summary:

Summary:

An engraving depicting Jesus appearing to his disciples after his resurrection and guiding them to a bring in a large catch of fish.

An engraving depicting Jesus appearing to his disciples after his resurrection and guiding them to a bring in a large catch of fish.

An engraving depicting two separate scenes. On the left, Jesus tells his disciples that if they do not have swords, they should sell their cloaks and buy one in order to fulfill the scripture "And he was counted among the lawless". On the right, the Pope is depicted celebrating the Eucharist.

An engraving depicting two separate scenes. On the left, Jesus tells his disciples that if they do not have swords, they should sell their cloaks and buy one in order to fulfill the scripture "And he was counted among the lawless". On the right, the Pope is depicted celebrating the Eucharist.

An engraved portrait of Jean Calivin, founder of Calvinism.

An engraved portrait of Jean Calivin, founder of Calvinism.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of a pamphlet by Johann Eck in support of Hieronymus Emser, a theologian in Leipzig and one of Luther's most vehement early opponents.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of a pamphlet by Johann Eck in support of Hieronymus Emser, a theologian in Leipzig and one of Luther's most vehement early opponents.

An engraving depicting Joseph being brought before Pharaoh to interpret his dreams.

An engraving depicting Joseph being brought before Pharaoh to interpret his dreams.

A woodcut depicting the scene of Judgement day. The Trinity are depicted at the top of the image, presiding over the scene below where souls are guided either by angels past St. Peter into Heaven, or by a demon into the mouth of a great beast and Hell. A pair of banners unfurl from the Trinity towards the departing souls. The one above the souls entering Heaven reads "Cuius vult unseretur". The one avobe the souls entering Hell reads "Quem vult indurat".

A woodcut depicting the scene of Judgement day. The Trinity are depicted at the top of the image, presiding over the scene below where souls are guided either by angels past St. Peter into Heaven, or by a demon into the mouth of a great beast and Hell. A pair of banners unfurl from the Trinity towards the departing souls. The one above the souls entering Heaven reads "Cuius vult unseretur". The one avobe the souls entering Hell reads "Quem vult indurat".

An engraving of the southern facade of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.

An engraving of the southern facade of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.