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Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

An engraved portrait of Desiderius Erasmus based on a portrait pained by Hans Holbein. The caption reads "Desid: Erasmus Roterod: Natus 1467. Den: et Sepult: Basiliae 1556. Ad Archetypum I: Holbenii in Biblioth: bupl: Basil: adservatum pictum cum annum ageret Erasmus LV."

An engraved portrait of Desiderius Erasmus based on a portrait pained by Hans Holbein. The caption reads "Desid: Erasmus Roterod: Natus 1467. Den: et Sepult: Basiliae 1556. Ad Archetypum I: Holbenii in Biblioth: bupl: Basil: adservatum pictum cum annum ageret Erasmus LV."

Summary: H. Dungersheim had exchanged several letters with Luther before he wrote this dialogue. It was his first formal controversialist tract, written in 1520, but not published until 1531. Luther burned a manuscript copy of this work when he burned the bull Exsurge Domine on December 10, 1520.

Summary: H. Dungersheim had exchanged several letters with Luther before he wrote this dialogue. It was his first formal controversialist tract, written in 1520, but not published until 1531. Luther burned a manuscript copy of this work when he burned the bull Exsurge Domine on December 10, 1520.

A map of the world including Europe, Africa ("Der schwarzen Moren Land"), Asia (Major), America ("Die Newe Welt"), and India Meridionalis (a so called "phantom" peninsula that was often depicted in Medieval and Rennaissance maps). A number of monstrous sea creatures are depicted in the various oceans and seas.

A map of the world including Europe, Africa ("Der schwarzen Moren Land"), Asia (Major), America ("Die Newe Welt"), and India Meridionalis (a so called "phantom" peninsula that was often depicted in Medieval and Rennaissance maps). A number of monstrous sea creatures are depicted in the various oceans and seas.

A map of the world including Europe, Africa, and Asia as three leaf or petal shaped continents with America ("Die Newe Welt") draw in the bottom left corner. A ship and numerous sea creatures are depicted in the oceans.

A map of the world including Europe, Africa, and Asia as three leaf or petal shaped continents with America ("Die Newe Welt") draw in the bottom left corner. A ship and numerous sea creatures are depicted in the oceans.

A map of the western hemisphere, identified as the New World, and the western coast of Asia. A spanish style galleon ship is depicted sailing in the Pacific ocean, and a rough shelter built of sticks featureing a dismembered leg is depicted in the general region of Brazil with the label, "Canibali".

A map of the western hemisphere, identified as the New World, and the western coast of Asia. A spanish style galleon ship is depicted sailing in the Pacific ocean, and a rough shelter built of sticks featureing a dismembered leg is depicted in the general region of Brazil with the label, "Canibali".

Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: Response by Luther to the theses of Johann Eck, who had previously been in debate with Luther's colleague, Karlstadt. The face to face clash would come some six months later at the end of June, 1519.

Summary: Response by Luther to the theses of Johann Eck, who had previously been in debate with Luther's colleague, Karlstadt. The face to face clash would come some six months later at the end of June, 1519.

Summary: This is Luther's first public attack on Johannes Eck. Included in this volume are Eck's letter of Dec. 24, 1518 in which he records his theological differences with Karlstadt, and Eck's own 12 theses with Luther's response.

Summary: This is Luther's first public attack on Johannes Eck. Included in this volume are Eck's letter of Dec. 24, 1518 in which he records his theological differences with Karlstadt, and Eck's own 12 theses with Luther's response.

Summary: An academic disputation presented Georg Theander, professor at the University of Ingolstadt, and defended by Sebastian Haydlauff, priest at the church of St. Moritz in Ingolstadt. The disputation was based on 30 theses on the 2nd and 8th commandments.

Summary: An academic disputation presented Georg Theander, professor at the University of Ingolstadt, and defended by Sebastian Haydlauff, priest at the church of St. Moritz in Ingolstadt. The disputation was based on 30 theses on the 2nd and 8th commandments.

Twenty distichs (couplets) inspired by important events in the life of Martin Luther. The couplets, in Latin, were composed ca. 1550 and are written on paper. The author's name is found at the end of the piece as is his dedication of it to Johann Kestner. Pencil markings of a later owner are located in the upper left corner of the first page. Originally part of a signature, each of the two leaves has been encapsulated in Mylar for protection.

Twenty distichs (couplets) inspired by important events in the life of Martin Luther. The couplets, in Latin, were composed ca. 1550 and are written on paper. The author's name is found at the end of the piece as is his dedication of it to Johann Kestner. Pencil markings of a later owner are located in the upper left corner of the first page. Originally part of a signature, each of the two leaves has been encapsulated in Mylar for protection.

Summary:

Summary:

An engraving which depicts Emperor Constantine, Pope Sylvester I and the apocryphal “Donation of Constantine,” which gave the pope control of the imperial palace in Rome along with all the regions of the Western Empire, while Constantine will locate his government in the East. The document is likely an 8th century Carolingian invention, and it supports the idea that the papacy should hold some secular as well as sacred authority.

An engraving which depicts Emperor Constantine, Pope Sylvester I and the apocryphal “Donation of Constantine,” which gave the pope control of the imperial palace in Rome along with all the regions of the Western Empire, while Constantine will locate his government in the East. The document is likely an 8th century Carolingian invention, and it supports the idea that the papacy should hold some secular as well as sacred authority.

The act of guiding the doubtful to the correct path, illustrated and accompanied by scriptural reference.

The act of guiding the doubtful to the correct path, illustrated and accompanied by scriptural reference.

An impression done in 1564 of a woodcut made in 1561 depicting Philipp Melanchthon

An impression done in 1564 of a woodcut made in 1561 depicting Philipp Melanchthon

A portrait of Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe surrounded by an architectural border featuring sixteen labeled coats of arms of his ancestor's families.

A portrait of Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe surrounded by an architectural border featuring sixteen labeled coats of arms of his ancestor's families.

A woodcut containing a portrait of Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg kneeling before a crucifix. This woodcut likekly originated as a broadsheet since there are no signs of letterpress on the back. The same woodcut appeared in Grabriel Schnellboltz' Wahrhafftige Bildnisse etlicher Fuersten (Wittenberg, 1562) and the Augspurgische Confession (Frankfurt an der Oder:, Eichorn, 1572).

A woodcut containing a portrait of Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg kneeling before a crucifix. This woodcut likekly originated as a broadsheet since there are no signs of letterpress on the back. The same woodcut appeared in Grabriel Schnellboltz' Wahrhafftige Bildnisse etlicher Fuersten (Wittenberg, 1562) and the Augspurgische Confession (Frankfurt an der Oder:, Eichorn, 1572).

A woodcut containing a portrait of John Frederick (Johann Friedrich) reading a book and praying before a crucifix. Frederick was a leader of the Schmalkaldic League and fought for Luther's cause against the Imperial troops. The league was defeated in the Battle of Muehlberg in April of 1547. Frederick was wounded by a slash across his left cheek, captured, condemned to death, but ultimately pardoned and reinstated as duke in Weimar. After 1547, however, the Electoral power had fallen to the rivalling Albertininian line of the dynasty residing in Dresden.

A woodcut containing a portrait of John Frederick (Johann Friedrich) reading a book and praying before a crucifix. Frederick was a leader of the Schmalkaldic League and fought for Luther's cause against the Imperial troops. The league was defeated in the Battle of Muehlberg in April of 1547. Frederick was wounded by a slash across his left cheek, captured, condemned to death, but ultimately pardoned and reinstated as duke in Weimar. After 1547, however, the Electoral power had fallen to the rivalling Albertininian line of the dynasty residing in Dresden.

Summary: A 1558 printing of a work on rhetoric by Philipp Melanchthon. The work includes correspondence on the subject by two late-15th century Italian humanists.

Summary: A 1558 printing of a work on rhetoric by Philipp Melanchthon. The work includes correspondence on the subject by two late-15th century Italian humanists.

Summary: Interpretation of Psalm 68 by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Interpretation of Psalm 68 by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.