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An engraved portrait of Pope Pius V, who sat as pope from 1566-1572. The portrait shows Pius V wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "PIVS. V. PAPA. ALEXANDRINVS".

An engraved portrait of Pope Pius V, who sat as pope from 1566-1572. The portrait shows Pius V wearing simple vestments with his coat of arms featured in the upper left corner. The portrait is labeled "PIVS. V. PAPA. ALEXANDRINVS".

Summary: The Pontificale Romanum contains the liturgical rites for the sacraments of confirmation and Holy orders performed by bishops. The work is called "liber pontificalis" (pontifical or papal book) here, as books bearing pontifical authority often were prior to the 16th century, but it should not be confused with the papal annals, also called Liber Pontificalis, which is used by historians of the early Roman Church

Summary: The Pontificale Romanum contains the liturgical rites for the sacraments of confirmation and Holy orders performed by bishops. The work is called "liber pontificalis" (pontifical or papal book) here, as books bearing pontifical authority often were prior to the 16th century, but it should not be confused with the papal annals, also called Liber Pontificalis, which is used by historians of the early Roman Church

A woodcut of Pope Leo X's coat of arms, appearing on the title page of the official papal bull excommunicating Martin Luther. The coat of arms features the crossed keys to the kingdom of Heaven and the Papal crown, the traditional symbols of the Papacy, and the coat of arms of the Medici family, to which Pope Leo X belonged.

A woodcut of Pope Leo X's coat of arms, appearing on the title page of the official papal bull excommunicating Martin Luther. The coat of arms features the crossed keys to the kingdom of Heaven and the Papal crown, the traditional symbols of the Papacy, and the coat of arms of the Medici family, to which Pope Leo X belonged.

A woodcut portrait of Ulrich van Hutten dressed in armor and wearing a laurel crown. Below the portrait is the motto "IACTA EST ALEA," translated as "the die is cast." In the four corners of the portrait are coats of arms.

A woodcut portrait of Ulrich van Hutten dressed in armor and wearing a laurel crown. Below the portrait is the motto "IACTA EST ALEA," translated as "the die is cast." In the four corners of the portrait are coats of arms.

An engraving depicting a group of priests, deacons, and other church officials in conversation.

An engraving depicting a group of priests, deacons, and other church officials in conversation.

Summary: A Vulgate Latin Bible, with the "glossa ordinaria" of Walafridus Strabo and others, the "glossa interlinearis" of Anselmus Laudunensis, the "postillae" of Nicolaus de Lyra, the "expositiones prologorum" of Guillelmus Brito, the "additiones" of Paulus Burgensis, and the "replicae" of Matthias Doring.

Summary: A Vulgate Latin Bible, with the "glossa ordinaria" of Walafridus Strabo and others, the "glossa interlinearis" of Anselmus Laudunensis, the "postillae" of Nicolaus de Lyra, the "expositiones prologorum" of Guillelmus Brito, the "additiones" of Paulus Burgensis, and the "replicae" of Matthias Doring.

Summary: Part one of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year, as edited by Martin Bucer, the Reformer of Strasbourg. Bound with part two. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

Summary: Part one of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year, as edited by Martin Bucer, the Reformer of Strasbourg. Bound with part two. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

A woodcut of the printer's device (or mark) of Johann Rhau-Grunenberg, featuring his initials, "IG," and a small hill decorated with a number of different plants. The printer's mark is placed just below the colophon.

A woodcut of the printer's device (or mark) of Johann Rhau-Grunenberg, featuring his initials, "IG," and a small hill decorated with a number of different plants. The printer's mark is placed just below the colophon.

A woodcut of Johann Schott's printer's device, depicting a pair of dogs fighting, each biting the other's back and the initials "RSM".

A woodcut of Johann Schott's printer's device, depicting a pair of dogs fighting, each biting the other's back and the initials "RSM".

A decorative woodcut placed above the colophon featuring the printer's mark of Johann Froben, a crest with a caduceus, being supported by cherubs beneath an architectural arch. Surrounding the woodcut are a number of marginalia as well as two sketches mimicking the central staff of the caduceus and one of the cherubs.

A decorative woodcut placed above the colophon featuring the printer's mark of Johann Froben, a crest with a caduceus, being supported by cherubs beneath an architectural arch. Surrounding the woodcut are a number of marginalia as well as two sketches mimicking the central staff of the caduceus and one of the cherubs.

The act of praying for the healthy and those near to God (the dead), illustrated and accompanied by scriptural references.

The act of praying for the healthy and those near to God (the dead), illustrated and accompanied by scriptural references.

An engraving depicting the apse of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, including the altar and the surrounding mosaics.

An engraving depicting the apse of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, including the altar and the surrounding mosaics.

A contemporary report of a remonstration against the Imperial policy of Charles V for participation in the recently convened ecumenical Council of Trent on terms proposed by the new Pope Julius III (del Monte). The Elector Maurice, of the Ernestine branch of the Wettin family of the duchies of Saxony, was one of the great and enigmatic figures of German history in the mid 16th century.

A contemporary report of a remonstration against the Imperial policy of Charles V for participation in the recently convened ecumenical Council of Trent on terms proposed by the new Pope Julius III (del Monte). The Elector Maurice, of the Ernestine branch of the Wettin family of the duchies of Saxony, was one of the great and enigmatic figures of German history in the mid 16th century.

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Summary: Choir book, edited by the Lutheran theologian Georg Major (Meier). The work opens with biblical canticles and Psalms of praise, followed by various hymns, prayers and litanies.

Summary: Choir book, edited by the Lutheran theologian Georg Major (Meier). The work opens with biblical canticles and Psalms of praise, followed by various hymns, prayers and litanies.

Summary: This is a later (1548) printing of H.E. Hessus' poetic paraphrases in Latin of the books of Psalms and Ecclesiastes.

Summary: This is a later (1548) printing of H.E. Hessus' poetic paraphrases in Latin of the books of Psalms and Ecclesiastes.

A map of the world with latitude and longitude markers as it was known during the Ptolemaic period, including mountain ranges and rivers and spanning from Europe, to central Africa, and over to India. Personifications of the winds are depicted within the clouds surrounding the map.

A map of the world with latitude and longitude markers as it was known during the Ptolemaic period, including mountain ranges and rivers and spanning from Europe, to central Africa, and over to India. Personifications of the winds are depicted within the clouds surrounding the map.

An engraved headpiece to the sixth, twelfth, and eighteenth books of Moyne's epic, "Saint Louys," depicting interwoven initials (SL) within a glowing crown of thorns, flanked by four cherubs, with a banner below featuring the Latin motto, "qua radiat pupugit" (that which shines, prunctured).

An engraved headpiece to the sixth, twelfth, and eighteenth books of Moyne's epic, "Saint Louys," depicting interwoven initials (SL) within a glowing crown of thorns, flanked by four cherubs, with a banner below featuring the Latin motto, "qua radiat pupugit" (that which shines, prunctured).

Summary: Collection of documents issued by theologians in the Duchy of Württemberg and Victorinus Strigel concerning Strigel's Psalms commentary and his position in the synergistic controversy. Strigel supported the Philippist position that human will contributes to salvation, an idea that was rejected by the gnesio-Lutherans and by most of the theologians in Württemberg.

Summary: Collection of documents issued by theologians in the Duchy of Württemberg and Victorinus Strigel concerning Strigel's Psalms commentary and his position in the synergistic controversy. Strigel supported the Philippist position that human will contributes to salvation, an idea that was rejected by the gnesio-Lutherans and by most of the theologians in Württemberg.

Summary: First edition of this beautifully illustrated Jesuit emblem book. The work is dedicated to Leopold Archduke of Austria with a full-page dedicatory illustration and 162 numbered etched text emblems.

Summary: First edition of this beautifully illustrated Jesuit emblem book. The work is dedicated to Leopold Archduke of Austria with a full-page dedicatory illustration and 162 numbered etched text emblems.

Summary: S. Mazzolini was Master of the Sacred Palace (Vatican) in Rome, censor of books, and one of the first Catholic literary opponents of Luther. This is an early printing of the first work issued in opposition to Luther. Where the printing fits in bibliographically is still a matter of dispute. The work is in dialogue form and contains a refutation of Luther's 95 theses.

Summary: S. Mazzolini was Master of the Sacred Palace (Vatican) in Rome, censor of books, and one of the first Catholic literary opponents of Luther. This is an early printing of the first work issued in opposition to Luther. Where the printing fits in bibliographically is still a matter of dispute. The work is in dialogue form and contains a refutation of Luther's 95 theses.